The Periodic Table

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The Periodic Table

• How the periodic table is put together

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(No Transcript)
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What is the Periodic Table?

• It is an organizational system for elements.

Picture from www.chem4kids.com
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Who created it?

• The quest for a systematic arrangement of the
  elements started with the discovery of individual
  elements.
•   By 1860 about 60 elements were known and a
  method was needed for organization. 
• In 1869, Russian chemist Dimitri Mendeleev
  proposed arranging elements by atomic weights and
  properties.
• The table contained gaps but Mendeleev predicted
  the discovery of new elements.

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What do all the numbers mean ?
From www.science-class.net
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What do the symbols and numbers mean?

• Symbol- one or two letter abbreviation which
  comes from the elements English or Latin name
• Name- Elements common name
• Atomic Number- Equal to the number of protons ()
  or the number of electrons (-) in the electron
  cloud.
• Atomic Mass- the mass of the atom or element.
• (end)

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So how is it arranged?

• The genius of the periodic table is that it is
  organized like a big grid. The elements are
  placed in specific places because of the way they
  look and act. If you have ever looked at a grid,
  you know that there are rows (left to right) and
  columns (up and down). The periodic table has
  rows and columns, too, and they each mean
  something different.
• quoted from http//www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_pe
  rtable.html

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You've got Your Periods...

• Even though they skip some squares in between,
  all of the rows go left to right. When you look
  at a periodic table, each of the rows is
  considered to be a different period (Get it? Like
  PERIODic table.)
• quoted from http//www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_pe
  rtable.html

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Periods Rows

• In the periodic table, elements have something in
  common if they are in the same row.
• All of the elements in a period have the same
  number of atomic orbitals.
• Every element in the top row (the first period)
  has one orbital for its electrons. All of the
  elements in the second row (the second period)
  have two orbitals for their electrons. It goes
  down the periodic table like that.
• quoted from http//www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_pe
  rtable.html

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And you got your groups

• The periodic table has a special name for its
  columns, too. When a column goes from top to
  bottom, it's called a group.
• quoted from http//www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_pe
  rtable.html

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Groups Columns

• The elements in a group have the same number of
  electrons in their outer orbital.
• Every element in the first column (group one) has
  one electron in its outer shell. Every element on
  the second column (group two) has two electrons
  in the outer shell. As you keep counting the
  columns, you'll know how many electrons are in
  the outer shell.
• There are some exceptions to the order when you
  look at the transition elements, but you get the
  general idea.

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Outer Shell

• The electrons in the outer shell (or outer
  orbital) are called Valence Electrons

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How do we figure out the Valance Electrons?

• The closest shell to the nucleus is called the "1
  shell" (also called "K shell")
• Followed by the "2 shell" (or "L shell")
• Then the "3 shell" (or "M shell")
• The shells correspond with the principal quantum
  numbers (n 1, 2, 3, 4 ...) or are labeled
  alphabetically with letters used in the X-ray
  notation (K, L, M, ).

Dont need to know for quiz
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Valance Electrons

• Each shell can contain only a fixed number of
  electrons
• The 1st shell can hold up to two electrons
• The 2nd shell can hold up to eight (2 6)
  electrons
• The 3rd shell can hold up to 18 (2 6 10) and
  so on.

Do not need to know for quiz
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Other than periods and groups, the table is
divided into families.
From www.science-class.net
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ALKALI METALS

• very reactive metals that do not occur freely in
  nature
• malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and
  electricity.
• can explode if they are exposed to water

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ALKALINE EARTH METALS

• metals
• very reactive
• not found free in nature
• Low Density
• High Boiling Point
• Found in compounds

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TRANSITION METALS

• ductile and malleable, and conduct electricity
  and heat
• iron, cobalt, and nickel, are the only elements
  known to produce a magnetic field (paramagnetic).
• Form compounds

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RARE EARTH ELEMENTS

• many are man-made
• Not very rare, abundant
• Green Element
• Hard to isolate
• Reactive, compounds and minerals

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OTHER METALS

• are ductile and malleable
• are solid, have a high density
• Good heat and electricity conductors
• Reacts with H2O

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METALLOIDS

• have properties of both metals and non-metals
• some of the metalloids are semi-conductors. This
  means that they can carry an electrical charge
  under special conditions. This property makes
  metalloids useful in computers and calculators

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NON-METALS

• not able to conduct electricity or heat very well
  (smi-conductors)
• very brittle
• Do not reflect light.
• Reactivity depends on other atoms
• Solid at room temperature
• Used in computers, calculators, and phones.

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HALOGENS

• "halogen" means "salt-former" and compounds
  containing halogens are called "salts"
• exist in all three states of matter
• Reactive, bonds well with Group 1

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NOBLE GASES

• do not form compounds easily
• Happy/Inert Elements (Full outer shells)

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