The Duel for North America

1
The Duel for North America

• APUSH - Chapter 6
• Mr. Walters

2
New France

• Founded by Samuel de Champlain
• 1608 Quebec was first French settlement
• Located around St. Lawrence River
• Expanded along Great Lakes and Mississippi River
• Made money trapping furs, especially beaver
• Trappers called coureurs de bois
• Interaction with French led to disease, alcohol
  and challenges to Indian beliefs
• Led to exploration of North America

• Champlain made allies with Huron
• Was drawn into battle against Iroquois
• Iroquois then resisted French attempts at
  settlement in Ohio Valley and allied with British
• France paid more attention to Caribbean colonies
  than American
• Caribbean colonies provided sugar and rum

3
New France

• Small population
• Only Catholics allowed to settle, Huguenot were
  not allowed to immigrate
• Farming difficult
• Resistance from Iroquois
• By 1700 18,000 French, 250,000 English
• French peasants owned land, so were not motivated
  to come to America
• Jesuits
• Catholic missionaries tried to convert Indians
  and separate them from fur traders

4
Tensions between England and France

• France built forts from Quebec to New Orleans
• Detroit founded by Antoine Cadillac to slow
  British expansion to Ohio Valley
• Robert de la Salle sailed Mississippi River and
  claimed it for France to slow Spanish expansion
• New Orleans created in 1718
• English settlers pushed further west closer to
  French claims

5
Clash of Empires

• Imperial Wars between France and England mostly
  involved coureurs de bois and colonists, not
  regular military troops
• Both sides turned to Indians for allies. French
  mostly with Algonquin, English with Iroquois
• Guerrilla warfare was common
• Deerfield Massacre (1707)
• French and Indians attack Deerfield MA
• 50 people killed, 111 taken prisoner out of 300
  inhabitants
• Prisoners marched to Canada
• Stragglers were killed
• English colonists respond by attacking French
  strongholds

6
Clash of Empires

• Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
• Ends Queen Annes War
• Britain gets Acadia (Nova Scotia), Hudson Bay and
  Newfoundland
• Pinches French holdings
• Britain also gets trading rights in Spanish
  America

• King Georges War (1744-1748)
• Began as War of Jenkinss Ear (1739)
• Fought against Spain in Caribbean and Georgia
• France allied with Spain
• 1745 New Englanders capture French Fort Louisburg
• 1748 Peace treaty
• England exchange Louisburg for Madras in India
• Americans were angry because they needed
  Louisburg for safety

7
Into Ohio Valley

• France needed Ohio Valley to keep Mississippi
  Valley connected to Canada
• France began building forts to protect its
  claims, including Fort Duquesne (modern day
  Pittsburg)
• 1750 Americans begin settling Ohio River Valley
• Angered Iroquois, who were trying to prevent
  further European settlements
• Americans ask Britain for forts to protect claims
• 1754 - Washington was sent by Governor Dinwiddie
  of Virginia to tell French to leave territory
• French refuse and defeat Washington at Fort
  Necessity

8
French and Indian War (Seven Years War)
(1754-1763)

• Was global war between France and England for
  control of the world
• Fought in America, Europe, West Indies,
  Philippines, Africa
• European war was Britain and Prussia against
  France, Spain, Austria and Russia
• French army was focused in Europe, allowed
  British victory in North America
• Defending America was difficult because colonies
  were not united

9
Albany Congress (June 1754)

• Americans went to Albany to meet with Iroquois
  and keep them allies
• Only 7 of the 13 colonies attended
• Wanted to unite colonies to defend against French
• Iroquois were allies with Britain
• Huron were allies with French

• Benjamin Franklin develops Albany Plan for Union
• Union would have
• Grand Council chosen by colonial legislators
• meet once a year
• given powers to raise army, levy taxes, manage
  public lands, make laws for general good, protect
  relations with Indians
• Rejected by colonial legislatures and King
• legislatures did not want to lose power and
  wanted more independence
• King feared it might make colonies too strong and
  demand independence

10
French and Indian War (Seven Years War)
(1754-1763)

• Fort Duquesne (1755)
• British General Braddock sent 1,850 soldiers to
  attack fort
• Indians attacked using guerilla warfare tactics
• British not prepared for this style fighting
• 976 British killed or wounded including Braddock

• Native Americans raid frontier from Pennsylvania
  to North Carolina
• Britain attacked several wilderness forts, but
  French won repeatedly through 1756

11
French and Indian War (Seven Years War)
(1754-1763)

• William Pitt
• Became Prime Minister and increased commitment to
  win war in America
• Shifted focus from West Indies to Canada
• Put new generals in charge
• Pitt fought in America to create global British
  empire
• promised Britain would pay for war
• He did this to get American support for war
• 1 million and 30,000 soldiers sent to America
• Wanted to eliminate France as a rival
• 1758 British take Louisburg, Fort Frontenac, Fort
  Duquesne

12
French and Indian War (Seven Years War)
(1754-1763)

• Invasion of Canada
• Quebec (1759)
• Attacked via St. Lawrence river
• General Wolfe able to maneuver troops behind
  Quebec on Plains of Abraham
• British defeat Marquis de Montcalm of the French
• Both Montcalm and Wolfe died

• British Navy stopped French reinforcements from
  arriving in Canada
• Montreal (1760)
• attacked via Hudson River and Lake Champlain
• Fall of Montreal signaled end of French presence
  in North America

13
Treaty of Paris (1763)

• Ended the French and Indian War
• France gave England all of Canada and lands east
  of Mississippi to Appalachian Mountains
• French lost trading posts in India and Senegal
• France gave Spain New Orleans and all land west
  of Mississippi
• France kept sugar islands (Martinique and
  Guadeloupe) in West Indies in exchange for Canada
• Spain gave Florida to Britain in exchange for
  Cuba
• Pitt wanted Canada to help build its empire

14
Effects of French and Indian War (Seven Years
War) (1754-1763)

• Britain won and established itself as worlds
  supreme naval power
• Empire from India to Mississippi River
• American frustration with Britain
• American officers and soldiers were insulted and
  treated them with condescension
• Americans were not given credit for helping in
  the fight
• British frustrations with America
• Americans continued to trade with France and
  Spain
• Americans also were reluctant to provide
  soldiers
• Geography and demographic rivalries inhibited
  inter-colonial cooperation

15
Effects of French and Indian War (Seven Years
War) (1754-1763)

• Benefits for America
• gained combat experience and confidence
• Shattered myth of British soldier invincibility
• discovered commonalities between colonies
• France was eliminated as a threat to America,
  Spain and Indian threats were reduced
  significantly
• Indians lost significant European ally to limit
  British power and American expansionism
• Benjamin Franklin argued new land would make
  Americans more loyal to England
• Offer plenty of land and opportunity for America
  to expand into

16
British North America 1763

• Canada, American Colonies, Ohio and Mississippi
  River Valleys and Florida
• 200,000 Indians lived in territory west of
  Appalachian Mountains
• Feared British control over North America,
  preferred France
• Neolin Delaware prophet encouraged Indians to
  resist English encroachment on Indian land

17
Pontiacs Rebellion (June 1763)

• Alliance of Indians led by Ottawa Chief Pontiac
  attacked and beat British
• Only Fort Pitt, Niagara and Detroit remained
  under British control
• Gradually Indian alliance weakens with defeats
• Britain regains control of Ohio Valley in 1764
• by sending blankets with smallpox to Indians
• By sending 10,000 troops to protect colonists
• British wanted Americans to help pay for army

18
Proclamation of 1763

• To keep peace with Indians Britain orders no
  settlement in new territory
• Wanted land between Appalachian and Mississippi
  as a barrier between Indians and English colonies
• Colonists needed land for wealth
• Most were farmers
• Political rights were tied to land ownership
• Americans angered by restrictions on settlement
• Many ignored Proclamation and went west anyway