G??st??? p??s????s? st? ????????a

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G??st??? p??s????s? st? ????????a µ???s?? t??
?a??µat????
?. ?ast???

• ? p??s????s? a?t? d??e? ?µfas?
• 1) st?? d?aµ??f?s? ?a? a??pt??? t??
  e???????????? d?µ??,
• 2) st?? e???????????? a??a???,
• 3) st?? a?apa?ast?se?? t?? µa??µat???? ???s??
  ?a?
• 4) st? µeta???s?.

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?? e???????????? d?µ?? sta ?a??µat???

• ?? µa??µat???? ?????e? de? e??a? eµpe??????, a???
  ?e???t???? ?????e?.
• ??t? s?µa??e? ?t? de? e??a? ?e???e?se?? ??p????
  eµpe?????? ded?µ???? ??te ta ???µata t???, a???
  s??se?? µeta?? eµpe?????? ded?µ????.
• ?ts? ?? µa??µat???? ?????e? de? ?p??????
  µeµ???µ??a, a??? µ?sa se d?µ??. ?.?. ? a???µ??
  ?p???e? se s??s? µe t? µ???da ?a? s???p??????
  µ?sa se s?st?µata µ?t??s??.

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? µ???s? t?? µa??µat???? e??????

• ? ???e µa??t?? ??e? ??p??e? eµpe??????
  µa??µat???? a?t????e??. T? µ?a?? t?? de? e??a?
  te?e??? ?e?? µa??µat???? a?t????e??.
• ??t?? ?? eµpe?????? µa??µat???? a?t????e??
  d?s???a a???????, d??. d?s???a ?e???t???p?????ta?
  ?a? d?s???a d?aµ??f????? µ?a s?????t?µ???
  ?e???t??? s????.
• ??e?d? ??a t?? ?p??ßas? a?t? e??a? ? s??des? t??
  µe t?? a??pt??? t?? ??a??t?ta? ?e???sµ??,
  e????s?? ?a? e?µ??e?a? t?? µa??µat????
  d?ad??as??? ?a? s?st?µ?t?? ??a t? ??s?
  ep?st?µ?????? ?a? p?a?t???? ??t?µ?t??.

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????????????? a??a???

• ??s? st?? ?st????? p??e?a t?? µa??µat????, ?s?
  ?a? st?? ?????a?? e?????? t?? µa??t??, ??
  µa??µat???? ?????e? a?apt?ss??ta?, a???????.
• ?p? eµpe?????? a?t????e?? ?????ta? ?e???t????
  ?????e? ?a? ?e???t??? s?st?µata e??????, ta ?p??a
  µete?e??ss??ta? se ?e???t???? d?µ?? ?????te???
  ep?p?d??.
• ??t?? ?? e???????????? a??a??? de? e??a?
  ap??s??pte?. ???t?te p??s??????? se
  ep?st?µ??????? eµp?d?a, p?? p??pe? ?a
  ?epe?ast???.
• ??a ep?st?µ??????? eµp?d?? e??a? ? p???p?????sa
  ???s?.

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Sta ?a??µat??? ? ?d?a t?? ??????? e????????????
a??a???eµfa??st??e, t? 1980, µe t? d?at??ß? t??
Jere Confrey, p?? e??e ?? ??µa ?? ?????????????
???a???, ?? ?????e? t?? ????µ?? ?a? ? ??sa????
st?? ?pe???st??? ????sµ?
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??sa st? ??? ep?st?µ??????? p?a?s?? t??
ap?d???? t?? ep?st?µ?????? epa?ast?se?? ?a? t??
???st????t?ß?sµ?? sta ?a??µat??? d????e µ?a
?s???? ???s? ??a t? d??d?s? ?a? t?? a??pt???
t?? e???????????? a??a??? sta ?a??µat???, µet? t?
1995.
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? ?????a t?? a???µ??
St?? ???a?? ???????? ????t?sµ?, a???µ?? e??a?
µ?a s?????? µ???d??
St?? ??a?????s? ?a? µet?, a???µ?? e??a? t?
ap?t??esµa µ?a? µ?t??s??
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?e t? Ga????? ?pa??stas? ? µa??µat???
pa?de?aa?aßa?µ?st??e s?µa?t??? ?a?
e?s???????st??e t? pe??e??µe?? t??
École Polytechnique
Gaspard Monge
J.-L. Lagrange
St? p?a?s?? a?t? d?µ?????????e ??a?
p??ß??µat?sµ?? ??a t?? a?a???s? t?? ?????a? t??
a???µ?? ?ts? ?ste ?a s?µpe???aµß??e? t???
a???t????? a???µ???.
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?? s?µa?t???te?? ß?µa st?? ?ate????s? a?t? t?
??a?e, ???? st? 1820, ? Ge?µa??? µa??µat????
Martin Ohm (1792-1872).

• S?µf??a µe t?? Ohm ? a???µ?? p????pte? ?µµesa ??
  s??epa??????? t?? a???µ?t???? p???e??.
• ??t? ?ta? µ?a a???s?µe??t? e??????????? a??a??,
  p?? a?t?µet?p??e t?? a???µ? ap? t? s??p?? t??
  d?µ?sµ??.
• ?ts? s?µe?a ?a???e??e?ta? ? a?t????? t??
  s?st?µ?t?? a???µ?? µ ap?t??esµa st? e??t?µa t?
  e??a? a???µ?? ? ap??t?s? µ????e? µe s?f?ste?a
  t?? t?p?? a???µ?? e??a? ??a st???e?? e???
  s?st?µat?? a???µ??.
• ??t? s?µa??e? ?t? ??????ta? ta s?st?µata a???µ??
  µe ß?s? t?? es?te????? ?d??t?t?? t??? ?? ??? µe
  ta a?t??e?µe?? t???. ?p?te ? a???µ??
  µ??f?p??e?ta? ap? t?? es?te???? ta?t?t?ta t??
  s?st?µat?? p?? a???e?.

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? ?????a t?? ???e????

• S?????? ? ???e??? pa???s???eta? ?? µ?a ??????
  t?µ? ?a? st? s????e?a t? s??µa t?? ap ?p??
  p????pte? ? e??s?s? t??.

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• ???a? ???st? ?t? ? ?p???????? ???se ?a?
  ?e???st??e t?? ???e??? ?? ?????? t?µ?. ?a? t?
  s?µa?t???te??, ß???e e? t?? ?st???? t? ??s? t??
  est??? t??, sta te?e?ta?a ?ef??a?a t?? s?et????
  ????? t??.
• St?? ?st????? p??e?a t?? ??µat?? µe?et??sa? t??
  ???e???, ?at? ?a???a, ?? ?????? t?µ? ?a? µe t?
  ß???e?a t?? a????? ?a? t?? ???t??? t??.

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• ?et? t?? Euler, ap? ta t??? t?? 18?? a???a, ?ta?
  ep????t?sa? ta ??a??t??? ?a??µat???,
  ?a??e???eta? ? µe??t? t?? ???e???? µe
  p???a????sµ??e? t?? est?e? t?? ?a? µe ß?s? t?
  ???st? e??s?s? t??.
• ? a??a?? a?t? de? ????e t??a?a, a??? p??????e ap?
  t?? ep????t?s? t?? a?a??t???? t??p?? s????? st?
  Ge?µet??a ?a? ? ?p?ß??µ?s? t?? s???et???? t??p??
  ?ata???s?? t?? ??????? t?µ??.
• ??t? ? ?st????? µete?????? ap?te?e? µ?a
  e??????????? a??a??.

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??apa?ast?se??

• ??e? ?? ???se?? e?t?ss??ta? st? µ??µ?. ???.
  ap????e???ta? st? s????? d?s?? t?? µ??µ??. ???
• ??t? ???eta? µe ??p??e? ??d???p???se??, p.?. µe
  ape?????se?? ? µe s?µß??a ? µe ???ss????
  e?f??se??.
• ??t?? ?? ??d???p???se?? t?? ???se?? st? µ??µ? t??
  a????p?? e??a? ?? a?apa?ast?se??.

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?a?ade??µata

• ?p?µe??st??? ?d??t?ta
• a(ß?)aßa?

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?e??? ep? µe???
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? a?apa??stas? t?? µe??? ep? µe??? ???e? s?? µe
t? ß???e?a p??sa?at???sµ???? ????s??
Jean-Robert Argand (1768-1822)
1806
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?????sµa ete??s?µ?? a???µ?? µe t? ß???e?a
p??sa?at???sµ????????s??
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?e??? ep? µe???,µe p??sa?at???sµ??? ????s?
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?eta???s?

• ?eta???s? e??a? ? ???s? s?et??? µe t? ???s?.
• ???. t? pa?as????? t?? ???s??, µe ???a ????a ?
  ep????s? t?? f?s??, t?? ????? ?a? t?? d??aµ????
  t?? ???s??

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http//users.auth.gr/nioka/Files/I_ISTORIA_TON_MA
TH_OS-2.pdf
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??a pa??de??µa
G?at?