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1
War breaks out again between the United States
and Britain in 1812.
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2
The War of 1812
The War Hawks Demand War

• British and French Rivalries
• British blockade French ports to prevent ships
  from entering
• Britain, France (1000, 500) seize American ships,
  confiscate cargoes

Grievances Against Britain Impressmentseizing
Americans, drafting them into British
navy Federalist party (pro-Brit) shrinks in
popularity Chesapeake incident further angers
Americans Jefferson convinces Congress to
declare embargo, or ban on exports Embargo,
meant to hurt Europe, also hurts U.S. - Congress
lifts it, except with Britain, France
Continued . . .
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The Chesapeake incident

• The actual number of Americans pressed into
  service in the Royal Navy is unknown, but it is
  estimated that a thousand American seamen per
  year were illegally pressed into British service.
  The British removed four deserters from the
  Chesapeakes crew. Only one of them was British
  the rest were American seamen who had been
  impressed into British naval service. The Leopard
  then sailed to England so that the men could be
  tried.

4
continued The War Hawks Demand War
Tecumsehs Confederacy William Henry Harrison
(Gov. of Indiana territory) makes land deal with
Native American chiefs Shawnee chief Tecumseh
tries to form Native American confederacy -
tells people to return to traditional beliefs,
practices - presses Harrison to leave land,
negotiates British help many tribes dont join
The War Hawks Harrison is hero of Battle of
Tippecanoe but suffers heavy losses Broke
Tecumsehs plans for unity War hawkswant war
with Britain because natives used British
arms --Henry Clay of Kentucky leads the War Hawks
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The War Brings Mixed Results

• Americans Advantages
• Canadian population still strongly French
• British have to send troop reinforcements 3000
  miles across the stormy Atlantic
• British worn out from recent wars with France and
  Spain
• American ships strongest in the world, manned by
  skilled sailors
• --Most famous ship, the Constitution, named
  because Paul Revere did the metalwork

• American Disadvantages
• Northeast against the war, contributes little and
  even helps the British at times
• Old and incompetent war generals

Continued . . .
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The War Brings Mixed Results

• The War in Canada
• Madison (wins landslide presidential election of
  1808..Dem-Rep.) chooses war, thinks Britain is
  crippling U.S. trade, economy
• U.S. army unprepared early British victories in
  Detroit, Montreal
• Oliver Hazard Perry defeats British on Lake Erie
  U.S. wins battles on Atlantic Ocean
• Native Americans fight on both sides Tecumseh
  killed in battle
• British blockade U.S. ports along east coast

• Election of 1812
• Madison defeats Federalist, anti-war candidate
  DeWitt Clinton (mayor of NY)
• Sectional results Madison wins South and west

Continued . . .
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continued The War Brings Mixed Results

• British Burn the White House
• By 1814, British raid, burn towns along Atlantic
  coast
• British burn Washington D.C.

The Battle of New Orleans General Andrew
Jackson fights Native Americans, gains national
fame Jackson defeats Native Americans at Battle
of Horseshoe Bend - destroys military power of
Native Americans in South In 1815, defeats
superior British force at Battle of New Orleans
(the Yorktown of War of 1812)
Continued . . .
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British burn Washington D.C. and the White House

• The individual states, while eager to defend
  themselves, felt no obligation to defend D.C.
  This was the only time in history that D.C. was
  occupied. President Madison and the rest of the
  government was forced to flee to Virginia. The
  British set fire to the Capitol building and
  other public buildings. The Executive Mansion
  was painted white to hide some of the effects of
  the fire and it has since been known as the White
  House.

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continued The War Brings Mixed Results
The Treaty of Ghent Treaty of Ghent, peace
agreement signed Christmas 1814 Declares
armistice or end to fighting does not resolve
all issues 1815, commercial treaty reopens
trade between Britain and U.S. 1817, Rush-Bagot
agreement limits war ships on Great Lakes 1818,
northern boundary of Louisiana Territory set at
49th parallel Agree to jointly occupy Oregon
Territory for 10 years
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10
Battle of Fort McHenry

• During a night-long bombardment of Fort McHenry,
  an American lawyer was on one of the ships trying
  to negotiate the release of an aged physician, a
  friend of his who was captured in Washington. He
  spent an anxious night wondering if Fort McHenry
  would be forced to surrender. When the dawn was
  breaking, the old doctor kept asking Is the flag
  still there?. Inspired Key wrote a poem The
  Defense of Fort McHenry. It was noted that the
  words could be made to fit an old drinking song
  called To Anacreon in Heaven, and the poem sung
  in this fashion became the Star Spangled Banner