Progressive Era to the Age of Global Crisis

1
Progressive Era to the Age of Global Crisis

• US History and Government
• NY State Regents Exam Review

2
Agrarian Movement

• Economic problems for farmers emerge
• Overproduction, high costs, and debt
• Farmers organize the Grange Movement
• Blamed railroads for their difficulties
• Interstate Commerce Act fixed rates
• The Populist Party for farmers laborers
• Felt industrialists and banks controlled
  government
• Pushed for several reforms that were later
  enacted
• Direct election of senators, presidential term
  limits, graduated income tax, immigration quotas,
  shorter work day

3
Progressive Movement

• Early 1900s response to social problems in urban
  America
• Muckrakers wrote about abuses by business and
  corruption in government
• Social Reformers worked to better living
  conditions (poor, immigrants, women)
• Government was reformed with new laws and
  electoral changes
• T. Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson

4
Suffrage

• 1848 Seneca Falls Convention proclaimed women are
  equal to men and focused on the right to vote
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Lucretia Mott
• Susan B. Anthony

5
Womens Role

• 1870-1917, Industrialization brought changes
• Women now attended school and held newly created
  jobs
• New labor-saving devices allowed women more
  leisure time

6
Women in World War I

• Women replaced men in factory jobs when men went
  to war
• 19th Amendment was passed in 1920 as a result of
  their contribution during the war

7
War with Spain

• 1898, Spanish-American War ushered in Imperialism
  for the United States
• Causes of war
• Humanitarian concerns (Cuba)
• Yellow Journalism
• Economic interests by the US in Cuba
• De Lome Letter offended the US President
• Sinking of the USS Maine in Havana (Spain blamed)
• As a result of the war the US gained overseas
  territory formally held by Spain

8
American Empire

• US involvement in Asia and LA increases
• Philippines and Cuba gained from Spain
• Hawaii annexed in 1898
• China Open Door Policy
• Commodore Perry opens trade in Japan
• Panama Canal is built
• Roosevelts Big Stick Policy in Latin America
  increases US role in affairs

9
World War I

• Reasons for US involvement
• German actions (Zimmermann/Submarines)
• Allied propaganda and trade relations
• Sinking of the Lusitania
• Wartime liberties were restricted
• Selective Service Act (Draft)
• Schenck v. US (1919) clear and present danger
• Wilson introduced 14 Points for peace
• League of Nations was created (without the US)
• America returned to being isolationist

10
Roaring 20s

• Relatively good times for America ()
• Red Scare was a fear of Communism
• Sacco and Vanzetti executions
• Nativism pushed for Immigration Acts
• Limited immigration from southern and eastern
  Europe
• Republican Presidents laissez-faire policies
• Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover

11
Factors to Prosperity

• The rise of the automobile industry drove other
  industries creating new jobs
• Assembly Line was applied to all industries
• The Age of Mass Consumption
• Americans bought more goods (credit)
• Speculation boom as more and more people bought
  stocks on margin (borrowed money)

12
1920s Values

• Women and African-Americans felt a new sense of
  power and freedom
• Attempts to Preserve traditional values
• Prohibition Eighteenth Amendment
• Scopes Monkey Trial (science vs. religion)
• New values emerged for groups
• Women demonstrated independence
• Desire and rejection for material wealth
• Harlem Renaissance led to cultural awakening

13
Causes of the Depression

• Depressions are bad times when businesses fail
  and unemployment rises
• Causes for The Great Depression
• Overproduction of goods
• Uneven distribution of income
• Speculation in the stock market real estate
• Unsound and shaky banking practices

14
Depression Begins

• New York Stock Exchange crashed 1929
• Oct. 29, 1929
• Businesses closed, farms went under, banks
  failed, and millions lost their jobs
• Natural disasters and over farming led to the
  Dust Bowl on the Great Plains
• President Hoover failed to act as the economy
  went into ruins

15
The New Deal

• FDR believed government bears the responsibility
  for helping the economy
• Passed legislation to slow the depression
• Relief measures to give people jobs
• CCC and WPA put people to work
• Recovery measures to restore economy
• NRA set wages AAA paid farmers
• Reform measures to fix causes of depression
• FDIC, SEC, NLRA, Social Security

16
Reactions to the New Deal

• Roosevelt was elected President 4 times
• 22nd Amendment limited President to two terms
  was passed in 1951
• Supreme Court ruled some New Deal legislation as
  unconstitutional
• Roosevelt attempted court packing scheme to get
  his laws through
• Plan failed and seen as an overreach of power

17
Origins of World War II

• Failure of the League of Nations to keep the
  peace and collective security
• American isolationsim
• Appeasement (giving in) failed to stop Hitlers
  aggression
• 1939 Hitler (Nazi Germany) invaded Poland

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American Neutrality Fails

• Neutrality Acts prohibited Americans from selling
  arms to warring nations
• United States started to prepare for war
• Lend-Lease Act allowed the US to sell, lend, or
  lease war materials to allies
• Atlantic Charter Four Freedoms
• Pearl Harbor is attacked by Japan

19
Home Front

• US mobilized rapidly for World War II
• Draft was used to rapidly increase troops
• Labor force was used to make materials for war
  (women and African-Americans)
• War Bonds were sold to raise funds
• Korematsu v. US (1944) Japanese-Americans were
  forced into internment camps for the duration of
  the war

20
War Against Germany and Japan

• In Europe the allies were able to push back the
  Germans from the south, east, and west
• Nazi Germany collapsed in April of 1945
• US used island-hopping to turn back the
  Japanese
• President Truman decided to use the Atomic Bomb
  on Japan to end the war quickly

21
Legacy of World War II

• Nuremberg Trials (1945-1946) were used to try
  Nazis guilty of war crimes
• Holocaust was the murder of 6 million Jews
• US forces occupied and rebuilt Japan
• Japan lost its empire
• Military leaders were tried and punished
• Renounced nuclear weapons and war
• Democratic Constitution (1947)

22
Roots of the Cold War

• After WWII the US and USSR emerged as the two
  superpowers in command
• US (democracy) USSR (communism)
• Europe was divided between two systems
• West (dem.) and the East (com.)
• Iron Curtain figuratively divided between the
  two ideologies

23
Containment

• America would attempt to prevent to spread of
  communism to new areas
• Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan provided
  aid to democratic nations
• NATO and Warsaw Pact alliances formed
• Berlin Airlift, China, and the Korean War all
  become struggles between democracy and communism

24
Nuclear Arms Race

• Soviet Union developed an atomic bomb
• US developed a hydrogen bomb, so then the USSR
  developed and exploded one
• Nuclear Weapons acted as a deterrent from either
  side attacking the other
• Soviet Union launched Sputnik (1957), starting a
  Space Race

25
Effects of the Cold War

• Loyalty concerns in the US and Congressional
  hearings spark McCarthyism
• Many were falsely accused of being communists or
  disloyal to America
• Rosenberg trial in 1950, executed for treason