Previously%20and%20then%20some

1
Previously and then some
Transcription basics DNA structure, Parts of a
eukaryotic gene, initiation, elongation,
termination 1) If the DNA in every cell in your
body is the same why don't your adipose (fat)
cells secrete epinephrine? 2) If the DNA
contains all of the information why doesn't the
ribosome just 'read' it? Why make RNA? (stated
another way what are the benefits of having an
RNA intermediate in the process of gene
expression)
2
Synthesis overview
And during/after RNA is made Processing http//w
ww.youtube.com/watch?vYjWuVrzvZYA
3
Translation Converting the blueprint into a
working model
Still defining normal Are cytosolic and
integral membrane proteins transcribed the same
way? Are they translated the same way?
4
Three basic steps
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
http//www.youtube.com/watch?v4PKjF7OumYo
429-658
From nucleotides to amino acids---How?
5
Two adaptors used tRNA and amino acyl
tRNA-synthetases
Codons, Anticodons, and Wobble
Charging of tRNA
Basepairing with a tRNA
6
That Degenerate Genetic code
codons gt tRNAs gt aminoacids
CCAGAGCAGACUGCUUAGCUUCAUCCCACGAACGGGAG
How did they figure out the genetic code?
Strings of identical nucleotides Nirenberg
7
Players?
How does the complex know where to start
translating?
In Bacteria?
In eukaryotes?
8
Elongation
Players?
Requires GTP hydrolysis
Results in peptide bond formation
Chain grows from N to C
9
Termination
Players?
mRNA
Termination factors
Ribosome
How does it work? Why does the chain end?
http//www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/templates/st
udent_resources/shared_resources/animations/protei
n_synthesis/protein_synthesis.html Skip to
Initiation
10
The Protein
What happens to the protein?
Folding
Sorting
What happens to the mRNA, the ribosomes the
tRNA?
Reuse
Polysomes
11
Translation, Bipolar Disorder, and
What does this have to do with bipolar disorder?
Nobel Prize for Medicine 2000 Dopamine as a
neurotransmitter and its role in brain
dysfunctions
(Dopamine is the catecholamine implicated in
bipolar disorder)
Biaxial Theory Most simply, manic states are
here understood as the clinical expression, at
one point in time, of excessive synaptic
neurochemical capacity within the primary
affective system, and depressive states as the
clinical expression of neurotransmitter
depletion Askland and Parsons (2006)
12
Tale of 2 proteins--a stretched metaphor
Protein 1 Many neurotransmitters are amino
acids, amino acid derivatives (like dopamine),
or short peptides
Neuropeptides synthesized in cytosol
sorted/packaged into vesicles for use. (as is
dopamine- but not through translation)
Protein 2 Neurotransmitter receptors are
proteins. Synthesized in cytosol, inserted into
ER membrane and sent to proper location on
plasma membrane
Broad Hypothesis Perhaps Bipolar is a result of
problem(s) Getting the transmitters or the
receptors to the right place at the right time.
(neurochemical part of biaxial theory)
13
Synaptic vesicles
What are they?