Gateway

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Gateway

• Biology Content Review
• Nutrition

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Energy/ Matter Transformations

• Macromolecules
• Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic
  acids are all organic macromolecules.
• Organic Molecules are composed primarily of
  carbon and are the building blocks of all living
  organisms.

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Organic Macromolecules
Disaccharide
polypeptide
DNA/RNA
support
energy
hereditary
energy
Rice, bread, potatoes
Meat, cheese, beans
Butter, oil
Meat, fruit, vegetables
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Macromolecules
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Macromolecules
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Macromolecules
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Macromolecules
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Carbohydrates

• Glucose
• Required to produce ATP through cellular
  respiration
• Glycogen
• Polymer of glucose
• Short term energy storage for animals
• Stored in the liver and muscles
• Starch
• Polymer of glucose
• Short term energy storage for plants (example
  potato)
• Stored in the roots
• Cellulose
• Polymer of glucose
• Structural
• Cell walls in plants

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Lipids

• Energy storage
• Fatsanimals
• Oilsplants
• Padding and Insulation, cell membranes

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Nucleic Acids

• DNA
• Structure- double helix

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Nucleic Acids

• DNA Replication
• Semi-conservative
• Double Helix unwinds, and each strand separates
• Each strand used as template to construct new
  complementary strand
• Occurs before Mitosis and Meiosis

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Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids

• DNA Determines structure of proteins
• Each group of three bases codes for a single
  amino acid
• Proteins assembled through process of
  transcription and translation

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Nucleic Acids

• DNA determines structure of proteins
• Each group of three bases codes for a single
  amino acid
• Proteins assembled through process of
  transcription and translation

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Nucleic Acids

• RNA
• Single stranded
• Ribonucleic Acid (contains ribose rather than
  deoxyribose).
• Four basesAdenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine
  (Uracil replaces Thymine)
• Three types
• rRNAforms the ribosomes
• tRNAtransports amino acids from cytoplasm to
  ribosomes
• mRNAcarries information for protein structure
  from DNA to a ribosome

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Proteins

• Composed of amino acids
• Uses
• Enzymes
• Muscle
• Hair
• Nails
• Microtubules

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Proteins
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Proteins

• Protein Synthesis
• Transcription
• Copies information from DNA to mRNA
• mRNA then transported from DNA to a ribosome
• EukaryotesmRNA leaves nucleus to find ribosome
• Prokaryotesno nucleus, transcription and
  translation can occur simultaneously
• mRNA attaches to ribosome

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Proteins

• Protein Synthesis
• Translation
• Information in mRNA used to construct specific
  sequence of amino acids
• Information is translated from language of
  nucleotides to the language of amino acids
• tRNA carries amino acids to ribosomes where they
  are linked together.

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Proteins
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Practice

• The substances in your body that are needed in
  order to grow and maintain life come from the
  nutrients in food. There are 6 classes of
  nutrients in food- carbohydrates, proteins,
  lipids, water, vitamins, and minerals. Of these,
  carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the major
  sources of energy for the body. Analyze and
  evaluate the sample daily diet of a 16 year old
  male. Be sure to include the following in your
  evaluation
• Total calories ingested
• Percent of calories contributed by each of the
  nutrients
• Compliance with the RDI standards set by the
  USDA.

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• Energy Flow
• sunlight is the main energy source for life on
  Earth.
• Heterotrophs
• organisms that rely on other organisms for their
  energy and food supply also called consumers.
• Autotroph
• organisms which capture energy from sunlight or
  from chemical compounds to make own energy

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• Energy Flow
• types of producers (autotrophs)
• Chemosynthesis
• when organisms use chemical energy to produce
  carbohydrates.
• ex bacteria in places like ocean vents, hot
  springs, deep-ocean floors.
• Photosynthesis
• process of organism to convert light energy into
  carbohydrates
• ex plants, some bacteria protists

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• Energy Flow
• types of consumers (heterotrophs)
• Herbivores- eat producers
• ex cows, caterpillars, deer
• Carnivores- eat consumers
• ex snakes, dogs, owls
• Omnivores- eat both consumers and producers
• ex humans, bears
• Decomposers- break down organic matter
• ex bacteria, fungi

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Ecology

• Matter and energy change forms by means of food
  chains and food webs (a series of interconnected
  food chains).
• Producers come first in a food chain. Producers
  are also called __autotrophs___ and include
  plants and other organisms that make their own
  food (usually through a process known as
  __photosynthesis_______________).
• Consumers (or _heterotrophs__) are shown in the
  order in which they consume their food or prey.
  Consumers can obtain their food through
  __predation___ or __scavenging___.
• Decomposers are organisms that break down dead
  organisms and allow nutrients to be recycled.
  They come last in a food chain.
• Example of a food chain