TWO AMERICAS: THE USA AND CANADA COMPARED TO LATIN AMERICA

1
TWO AMERICAS THE USA AND CANADA COMPARED TO
LATIN AMERICA

• 1750 1914

2
REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS

• Revolution
• A popular idea, means to an end
• A way to restructure society
• Popular sovereignty
• Relocating sovereignty in the people
• Traditional monarchs
• Claimed a "divine right" to rule
• Derived from God, unquestionable
• Monarch unanswerable to people
• Constitutional Limitations
• Aristocracy, Enlightenment challenged king
• Glorious Revolution of 1688
• Made the monarch responsible to the people
• John Locke's theory of contractual government
• Authority comes from the consent of the governed
• Freedom and equality
• Demands for freedom of worship
• Freedom of expression, assembly
• Demands for political and legal equality

3
TYPES OF REVOLUTIONS

• Aristocratic Revolution
• Aristocracy fights to preserve privileges
• Often against royal absolutism
• Rarely for other classes rights
• Usually ends with constitution, limits on
  monarchy
• Early revolt of creoles in Americas was an
  example
• Bourgeois (liberal) Revolution
• Middle class seeks rights equal to nobility
• Extension of franchise, ability to hold office
• Issues of taxation often involved
• Reforms limited and rarely radical, franchise
  limited
• American (1776), French (1789)
• Latin American Revolutions (1820s)
• La Reforma in Mexico (1850s)
• Mass revolutions
• Most of society effected and involved
• Often goals are quite radical
• Methods to achieve are often quite violent
• Nationalist Revolutions

4
REFORM

• Often system allowed change without radical
  means, violence
• Reform was a theme of 1750 1914
• Bourbon reforms in Spanish colonies
• Pombals reforms in Portugal, Brazil
• Jacksonian Democracy 1820s
• La Reforma of Benito Juarez 1850s
• Reform movements
• Increased, responsive democratic representation,
  institutions
• Expansion of male suffrage was the key issue
• One of the hallmarks of a democratic society
• Very successful in US, Canada
• Less so in Latin America,
• White male suffrage expanded
• Mestizo, mulatto, Indian suffrage limited
• Abolition of slavery
• Abolition movement was very successful
• Other forms of coercive labor replaced them
• Racial, social equality did not follow
• Brazil, Cuba, Puerto Rico were last to emancipate

5
THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM
6
EMERGENCE OF IDEOLOGIES

• Conservatism
• Resisted change, opposed revolutions
• Importance of continuity, tradition, aristocracy
• Edmund Burke
• Viewed society as organism that changed slowly
  over time
• American Revolution natural, logical outcome of
  history
• French Revolution violent and irresponsible
• In the US Alexander Hamilton, some Federalists
• In Latin America
• Centralized Government was the issue
• All power should exist in one person, one
  institution
• Monarchy, church was at heart of conservatism
• Liberalism
• Welcomed controlled change as an agent of
  progress
• Strongly middle class, support economic reform,
  education to help industrialization
• Wanted to reform political structure, increase
  electorate slightly
• Championed freedom, equality, democracy, written
  constitutions
• Limits on state power, interference in individual
  freedoms
• In the US US Constitution, Jeffersonian
  Democracy, Progressives

7
ECONOMIC EXPANSION IN U.S.A. CANADA

• The United States
• Slow to start few laborers, little capital
• Cotton and Textiles began revolution
• British craftsmen started cotton textile industry
  in New England, 1820s
• Southern cotton was going to England, diverted to
  New England factories
• New England most resembled Old England conditions
  
• Civil War led to explosion of steel, iron,
  armaments, clothing, food production
• Developed electrical, transportation industries
• US Railroads
• Integrated national economy by late 19th century
• 200,000 miles of railroad in US by 1900
• Economic stimulus
• 75 percent of steel went to railroads
• Supported other industries especially retail,
  transport along lines
• Encouraged immigrant labor, farmers to settle
  along tracks, in West
• Capital
• British capital
• Crucial for early development of U.S., Canadian
  industries
• Foreign capital supported textile, iron and
  steel, railroads

8
LATIN AMERICAN DEPENDENCE

• Colonial legacy
• Large landed elites, ranching
• Peonage system, debt labor
• Limited ability to trade except primary goods
• Spain, Portugal never encouraged industries
• Limited success at industrialization
• 1820 1850 Economic Stagnation
• Wars of independence had disrupted economy
• Most wealth tied to land, agriculture
• Export of primary, unfinished goods especially
  guano, coffee, hides
• Too many unsolved social problems retarded
  industrialization
• Economic growth part of 2nd Industrial Revolution
  
• Change grew out of liberalizing effects, reforms
  in late century
• Entrepreneurs, intellectuals, landowners brought
  in foreign investments
• Facilitated by new technologies (railroads,
  steamships)
• Great Boom driven by exports
• Demand for rubber, copper, tin, silver, beef,
  bananas, oil, coffee, cocoa
• Capital intensive development of primary product
  exports
• Trade increased by almost 50 from 1870 1880

9
THE FIRST WORLD WARS

• 1750 - 1765
• War of Austrian Succession
• France, Spain, England, Portugal, Dutch, Russia,
  Sweden in wars
• Rise of Prussia as a great power, England as a
  super power
• Showed balance of power doctrine at its fullest
• Colonial Wars French and Indian Wars
• Battles fought around the world
• Colonies changed hands, colonials effected
• English, French contest for North America
• France lost influence in North America, Caribbean
• England emerges as worlds super power
• British navy rules seas unopposed
• Acquires former French North American colonies
• Acquires preeminent influence in India
• Acquires right to supply slaves to Spanish
  Americas
• Spain, Portugal, Dutch no longer great powers
• American Revolution 1776 1783
• British colonists revolt, inspired by
  Enlightenment
• American ships ranged seas attacking English

10
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

• Tension between Britain, American colonies
• Legacy of Seven Years' War
• British debt, North American tax burden
• Colonists increasingly independent minded
• Colonial protest
• Over taxes, trade policies, Parliamentary rule
• Colonial boycott of British goods
• Attacks on British officials Boston Tea Party,
  1773
• Political protest over representation in
  Parliament
• Continental Congress, 1774
• British troops, colonial militia skirmished at
  the village of Lexington, 1775
• The Declaration of Independence, 4 July 1776
• Thirteen united States of America severed ties
  with Britain
• Declaration inspired by Enlightenment, Locke's
  theory of government
• The American Revolution, 1775-1781
• British advantages strong government, navy,
  army, loyalists in colonies
• American advantages European allies, George
  Washington's leadership
• Weary of a costly conflict, British forces
  surrendered in 1781
• Building an independent state Constitutional
  Convention, 1787

11
WAR OFAMERICANINDEPENDENCE
12
HAITIAN REVOLUTION

• Saint-Domingue
• Rich French colony on western Hispaniola
• Society dominated by small white planter class
• 90 percent of population were slaves
• Horrendous working conditions
• Large communities of escaped slaves (maroons)
• Ideas of Enlightenment reached educated blacks
• Free blacks fought in American war
• Widespread discontent
• White settlers sought self-governance
• Gens de couleur sought political rights
• Slaves wanted freedom
• Slave revolt began in 1791
• Factions of white settlers, gens de couleur,
  slaves battled each other
• French troops arrived in 1792 British, Spanish
  intervened in 1793
• Slaves conquer whole island including Spanish
  part
• Whites driven into exile, executed
• Toussaint Louverture (1744-1803)
• Son of slaves, literate, son of Enlightenment

13
INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA

• Latin American colonial society rigidly
  hierarchical
• Social classes peninsulares, creoles, mestizos,
  slaves, indigenous peoples
• Creoles sought to displace the peninsulares but
  retain their privileged position
• Mestizos form the largest part of population,
  wanted rights
• All other classes had no influence, few rights
• Mexican independence
• Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1807 weakened
  royal control of colonies
• 1810 peasant revolt in Mexico led by Hidalgo,
  defeated by conservative creoles
• 1821 Mexico briefly a military dictatorship,
  then in 1822 a republic
• Southern Viceroyalty of New Spain split into
  several independent states in 1830s
• Simon Bolivar to 1822
• Led independence movement in South America
• Inspired by George Washington, took arms against
  Spanish rule in 1811
• Creole forces overcame Spanish armies throughout
  South America, 1824
• Bolivar's effort of creating the Gran Colombia
  failed in 1830s
• Jose de San Martin to 1825
• Led independence movements in Bolivia, Argentina,
  Chile
• United efforts with Bolivar
• Brazilian independence

14
THE NEW AMERICAN MAP
15
LATIN AMERICA

• Old Problems confront new realities
• Leaders came from Enlightenment spoke of
  equality, freedom
• No allowance freedom of religion
• Slavery ended but not exploitation of poor,
  Indians
• Equality was too threatening to elite
• Democracy uncommon, rich men voted
• Old color distinctions did not disappear rapidly,
  easily, or at all
• Political fragmentation
• Political instability after independence
• Creole leaders ruled but had little experience
  with self-government
• White minority dominated politics
• Peasant majority was without power
• Political instability aggravated by division
  among elites
• Constant argument between centralizing and
  federalizing pressures
• Conflicts between farmers, ranchers, indigenous
  peoples common
• Intense fighting in Argentina, Chile modern
  weapons against native peoples
• Colonists had pacified most productive land by
  1870s
• Caudillos, Caudillism, Politics and the Church
• Military leaders who held power after
  revolutionary era

16
MEXICO INSTABILITY FOREIGN INTERVENTION

• Mexican Republic under Santa Anna
• Until his death dominated Mexico
• Saw himself as a Latin Napoleon
• Constantly in debt to foreigners
• Revolt of Texas led to conflict with US
• Mexican American War 1846 1848
• Mexico lost 1/3 of its territory
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
• US expanded to Pacific and annexed Texas
• The French Intervention
• Benito Juarez
• Liberal Indian President of Mexico
• He started a liberal revolt
• La Reforma which was powerful
• Conservatives turned to French for support
• French troops land
• French install an Austrian emperor on throne
• Backed emperor with French troops, French money
• US demanded French withdrawal in 1867

17
THE UNITED STATES

• Jacksonian Democracy
• Expansion of electorate to include poorer,
  western Americans
• By 1820s all adult white men could vote and hold
  office
• Constant tension between states rights, federal
  powers
• Rapid westward expansion after the revolution
• Britain ceded lands east of Mississippi to US
• 1803, US purchased France's Louisiana Territory
• By 1840s, coast-to-coast expansion was claimed as
  manifest destiny
• The Mexican-American War, 1845-1848
• Conflict with indigenous peoples followed
• 1830, Indian Removal Act forced eastern Indians
  to move west of Mississippi
• Thousands died on the "Trail of Tears" to
  Oklahoma
• Stiff resistance to expansion Battle of Little
  Big Horn, 1876, Sioux victory
• U.S. massacre at Wounded Knee, 1890, ended Indian
  Wars
• An Era of Compromise Avoided Conflict 1820-1854
• North had the population, dominated House of
  Representatives
• South wanted to preserve slavery but would lose a
  vote in House
• Missouri Compromise in 1820 admitted one slave,
  one free state
• South able to block abolition of slavery in
  Senate

18
AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

• War not just an American domestic conflict
• France, UK nearly intervened for South
• Both dependent on Southern cotton
• Both provided aid to Southern blockade runners
• France and Mexico 1863 - 1867
• Revolution ousted Santa Anna Juarez new leader
• Mexico owed Europeans money
• Europeans occupy Veracruz, ignored Monroe
  Doctrine
• France set up a puppet regime under Austrian
  emperor
• Austria, Prussia, Russia supported North
• Saw Southern secession as revolt against
  legitimacy
• Poland 1863 Three nations suppressed rebellion
• Three nations warned France, UK not to get
  involved
• Russian fleets anchored in Northern ports
• US bought Alaska in 1867 to repay Russia for
  support
• Prussia observed Union military
• Learned from Northern art of war, rebuilt army
• Increased use of railroads as instrument of war
• Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address

19
U.S.A. IN MAPS
20
CANADIAN DOMINION

• Independence came without war
• Autonomy and division characterized Canadian
  history
• Distance from England, isolation in north and
  interior led to self-government, autonomy
• Always a contest between English speaking, French
  speaking groups
• Immigrants and Amerindians dominated in the
  interior
• Eastern Canada (Quebec, Ontario, Maritime
  Provinces) dominate Canada
• French Quebec taken by Britain after the Seven
  Years' War
• Quebec Act was a large cause of war with American
  colonies
• British authorities made large concessions to
  French Canadians
• After 1781, many British loyalists fled United
  States to seek refuge in Canada
• The War of 1812 unified Canada against U.S.
  invaders
• Anti-U.S. sentiments due to US invasions,
  pillaging
• Created sense of unity among French and British
  Canadians
• 1830s
• Increased Irish, English, Scottish, German
  immigration
• Tensions between French, growing English
  population
• Metis Rebellion French Indians rebel in west
• 1840-1867, British granted home rule to Canadians
• Dominion of Canada created in 1867

21
CANADA IN IMAGES
22
MEXICAN REVOLUTION 1911- 1920

• The Revolution (1910-1920)
• Middle class joins peasants, workers overthrow
  Diaz
• Class Factions
• 1910-1914 all rebels vs. Diaz and Huerta
• 1914-20 Carranza, Obregon vs. Zapata, Villa
• Regional Revolutions North, South, Yucatan
• Course of the Revolution
• Liberal Middle Class Leaders
• Francisco Madero rules at first
• Seeks middle class constitutional democracy
• Opposes land reform landless peasants attack
  large landowners
• Peasant armies win pitched battles against
  government troops
• General Huerta, army side with landowners, kills
  Madero
• Venustiano Carranza
• Organizes coalition with Villa, Zapata, Obregon
• US troops sent by Wilson support Carranza, Huerta
  resigns
• Peasant, Common Rebels
• Pancho Villa led northern rebels, especially
  landless peasants
• Emiliano Zapata initiates land reform in the
  Southern areas he controls

23
IMPERIALISM

• Motives of imperialism
• Modern imperialism
• Refers to domination of industrialized countries
  over subject lands
• Domination achieved by trade, investment,
  business activities
• Two types of modern colonialism
• Colonies ruled and populated by migrants
• Colonies controlled without significant
  settlement
• Economic motives of imperialism
• American, British Investors made personal
  fortunes
• Expansion to obtain raw materials
• Colonies were potential markets for products
• Political motives
• Strategic purpose harbors, supply stations
• Overseas expansion used to defuse internal
  tensions
• Tools of empire
• Transportation technologies supported imperialism
  
• Steam-powered gunboats reached inland waters of
  Africa and Asia
• Railroads organized local economies to serve
  imperial power
• Western military technologies increasingly
  powerful

24
U.S. IMPERIALISM

• Westward Expansion, Manifest Destiny precede
  overseas imperialism
• Americans push west after American revolution
• Drove Indians from land
• US purchases Louisiana from France
• Opened up West to settlement
• Americans saw it as God-given right to occupy
  continent
• The Monroe Doctrine and Latin America
• 1823 proclamation by U.S. president James Monroe
  
• Opposed European imperialism in the Americas
• Justified American interventions in late 19th,
  20th century
• Used doctrine to tell France to withdraw from
  Mexico in 1867
• United States purchased Alaska from Russia in
  1867
• Hawaii became a protectorate in 1875, formally
  annexed in 1898
• Tended to leave area open only for American
  investments, loans
• The Mexican American War 1846 1848
• US annexation of Texas set off conflict with
  Mexico
• US defeats Mexico, annexed 1/3 of Mexican
  territory
• Settlement of Far West, Pacific Coast, Great
  Basin follows
• 1867 1898

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MANIFEST DESTINYWhat one painting can tell us
26
MAP OF AMERICAN IMPERIALISM
27
EMPIRES IN THE PACIFIC
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ABOLITION OF SLAVERY

• Process advocated with Enlightenment, Methodism
• Ideas of equality of men becomes widespread
• Philosophes attacked slavery, slave trade
• Methodism, spreading in 18th, 19th centuries
  condemned slavery
• William Wilberforce campaigned to end slavery,
  slave trade all his life
• Process expanded by Revolutions, Womens
  Movements
• Many revolutionaries advocated ending slavery
• Many revolutionary governments abolished slavery
  (France)
• Haitian slave revolt scares American slave
  holders
• Women advocated end to slavery as a corollary to
  gender equality
• Process realized by the British and Americans
• British parliament outlawed slave trade
• US ended slave trade in 1808 (had internal slave
  trade)
• British, US navies enforce ban
• British emancipate slaves in 1833 throughout
  their empire
• Civil Wars, Emancipations and Manumissions
• Latin American revolutions abolish slavery during
  revolutions
• US abolished slavery through Force of Arms, Civil
  War
• Emancipation Proclamation 1863

29
CHANGES IN WESTERN SOCIETY AFTER 1850

• The US and Canada
• Until Industrial Revolution, Americas similar
• After Revolution, Canada and US differed
• Both tended to become more like European models
• Class structure changed significantly
• Changes for workers
• Better wages
• Decrease of working hours
• Rise of leisure time
• Increased health, physical risks
• Growth of white collar work force
• Managerial
• Entrepreneurial
• Bureaucratic workers of government
• Secretarial, office workers
• Growth of blue collar work force
• Industrial
• Technical
• Miners

30
AMERICAN MULTI-RACIAL SOCIETIES

• The United States
• By late 19TH century
• United States was a multicultural society
• Dominated by white elites
• Native peoples had been pushed onto reservations
• Dawes Act, 1887 encouraged natives to farm
  marginal land
• Slaughter of buffalo threatened plains Indians'
  survival
• Children sent to boarding schools, lost native
  language, traditions
• Freed slaves often denied civil rights
• Northern armies forced South to undergo
  Reconstruction
• After Reconstruction, a violent backlash
  overturned reforms
• South segregated blacks denied opportunities,
  political rights
• American women's movement had limited success
• "Declaration of Sentiments" issued by American
  feminists in 1848
• Sought education, employment, and political
  rights
• Migrants
• 25 million Europeans to America from 1840-1914
• Hostile reaction to foreigners from "native-born"
  Americans
• Newcomers concentrated in districts like Little
  Italy and Chinatown

31
NEO-EUROPEAN CONTRASTS

• Neo-Europes
• Defined Settler colonies which came to resemble
  European societies
• In all practical purposes they were part of the
  Western World
• Argentina, Chile, Uruguay
• Indians were killed off or died off
• European percentage of population above 90
• Many of the developments common to Italy occurred
  in these states
• Canada
• Ethnic diversity beyond dominant British and
  French populations
• Significant minority of indigenous people
  displaced by whites
• Blacks
• Free after 1833 but not equal
• Former slaves, some escaped from United States
• Chinese migrants came to goldfields of British
  Columbia, worked on railroad
• Late nineteenth and early twentieth century,
  waves of European migrants
• Northwest Rebellion
• Led by the métis, descendents of French traders
  and native women
• Conflict between natives, métis, and white
  settlers in west, 1870s and 1880s
• Louis Riel, leader of western métis and
  indigenous peoples

32
LATIN AMERICAN SOCIETY

• Latin American societies
• Organized by ethnicity and color, legacy of
  colonialism
• European descendants dominate all aspects of
  state, economic, social life
• Europeanization of all aspects, classes,
  activities of society
• Bipolar society
• Male vs. Female
• Elite vs. Masses
• White vs. Colored (Mixed, Black, Indian)
• Urban vs. rural
• Castes
• Legally abolished by revolutions but de jure is
  not de facto
• Stigma of color and former status prevented much
  change
• Liberal reforms, Positivism sacrificed legal
  rights, color for economic wealth, profit
• Large-scale migration in nineteenth century
  brought cultural diversity
• Small number of Chinese in Cuba assimilated
  through intermarriage
• East Indians in Trinidad, Tobago preserved
  cultural traditions
• European migrants made Buenos Aires "the Paris of
  the Americas
• Most cultural diverse society was Brazil with
  Europeans, Blacks, Indians, mixed
• Male domination

33
WOMEN IN SOCIETY

• Active in Revolutions, Change but limited results
  1750-1914
• Women served as auxiliaries to men, would not
  press changes
• Women tended to lack mass support
• From legislators
• From other women
• Female revolutionaries
• Tended to put class interests above gender issues
• Favored social reform, economic relief
• Initially very influential in French Revolution
• Women belief that their place was at home, with
  children
• Restoration of Conservative elite often limited
  any gains by women
• Post-Revolutionary Era Womens Rights
• Industrialization radically altered working
  womens roles publicly and privately
• Women moved into the work force in great numbers
• Women began to earn some money, independence,
  began to organize
• Women often still held responsible for home,
  children, family too
• Political activism, issues resurrected by middle
  class, upper class women
• Learned to publish and to organize promoted
  education
• Political activism tended towards

34
CULT OF DOMESTICITY

• Gender and Social Changes produced Industrial,
  Agriculture Revolutions
• Decreased death rate from child birth
• Women tend to have fewer children as more survive
• Death of women in child birth raises live span of
  women over that of men
• First time in history women began to live longer
  than men
• 19TH Century Social Ideal
• Common to West, similar traditions in non-Western
  cultures
• Women were expected to take care of family
• Children, home were more important
• Women expected to have children, look after the
  family
• Public roles of women limited
• Industrial Revolution changes, threatens ideal
• Women acquire a public role
• Women admitted to work force in great numbers
• Acquired purchasing power, influence
• Acquired increased independence from husbands
• Extra income helped family, increased family
  health
• Reality Was
• Female workers not treated same as males

35
WESTERN CONSUMERISM AND LEISURE

• Countries
• United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia,
  New Zealand
• France, Germany, Scandinavia, Netherlands,
  Belgium, Austria, Italy
• In Americas
• Elite of Latin America tended to share western
  identity, pursuits
• Elite culture confined to cities, larger
  countries
• Did not apply to Indians, Blacks
• Mestizos tended to copy if they had money
• Increased production created demand
• Popular consumption increases
• What was once luxury is now necessity
• Increased advertisements by industry
• Increased demand
• Increased expenditure on luxuries
• Product crazes arise
• Bicycle
• Sewing Machine
• Mass produced clothing
• Mass Leisure Culture

36
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

• Malthusian Economics
• Predicted human population always outpaced food,
  supplies
• Only natural disasters, wars, famine keep
  population low
• Did not figure in technology, inventions, science
• Key Characteristics
• Population
• Increased from 900 million (1800) to 1.6 billion
  (1900)
• In Europe, Asia, North America, South America
• Scientific, medical advances
• Increase life span, infant survival rate
• Decrease death rate, death of mother during
  childbirth
• New hygiene
• Food supply increases
• Lightly, uninhabited areas brought under
  cultivation
• World trade allows for foods to reach areas
  quicker
• Staples in world trade due to refrigeration,
  canning, ships
• Agronomy, animal husbandry increase yields,
  variety, quality
• Fruits of the Columbian Exchange
• Many nations begin to export quantities of wheat,
  meat

37
FROM PEASANTS TO FARMERS

• The process, while social, began with technology,
  science
• Agronomy and animal husbandry replaced herding
• Selective breeding, splicing, experimentation
• Crop varieties, fertilizers to enrich soil
• Farming machinery introduced
• Thrashers, reapers, seed drills, tractors
• Muscle , animal power replaced by machines
• Barbed wire was a revolution
• Transport, preservation made export possible
• Trains, ships with large holds
• Grain silos, refrigerator ships, canning, food
  processors
• Subsistence Agriculture becomes commercial
  farming
• Western Europe
• US, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay
• Australia, New Zealand, parts of India, China,
  Japan
• On the other hand, in some countries
• Peasants went from masters of their own work
• To hands for someone elses work, or someone
  elses work hands
• Russia, Eastern Europe, Africa, parts of Latin
  America, SE Asia

38
COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE

• Commercial agriculture was a revolution 1750
  1914
• Cash crops
• Commercial crops grown for profitable export
• Old American Crops Coffee, Sugar, Cocoa, Cotton
• Often luxuries or non-necessities with high
  profit margins
• Two bottlenecks (natural hindrance to profitable
  production)
• Many are labor intensive solution slavery,
  paid agricultural workers
• Many require extensive processing, preservation
  to be useful solution technology
• Commercial agriculture is heavily damaging to the
  environment, soil
• First arose during 16th century colonialism
• Caribbean, Brazilian, SE Asian plantations
• Latin American haciendas, rancheros
• First export crops sugar, hides, wool, spices
• Expanded in 18th century
• British North American colonies added tobacco,
  indigo, rice
• Asia added tea, coffee, opium, cloves
• Americas added cocoa, coffee
• Industrial Revolution made additional possible
  more
• Cotton (seeds) rubber, oil (synthesizing)

39
DOMESTIC MIGRATION

• Industrialization
• Drew migrants from countryside to urban centers
• By 1900, In Europe and Anglo-North America
• 50 percent of population of industrialized
  nations lived in towns
• More than 150 cities with over 100,000 people
• Urban problems
• Shoddy houses, fouled air, inadequate water
• By late 19th century
• Governments passed legislation to clean up cities
  
• Passed building codes, built sewer systems
• Internal Migration
• Settlement of Frontiers by population centers
• Existing populations expand into plains, prairies
• Facilitated by railroads, technology
• Examples
• Westward Movement in USA, Canada, Australia
• Settlement of Siberia by Russia
• Great Trek by Afrikaaners
• Chinese settlement of Yangtze, west, Manchuria

40
TRANSCONTINENTAL IMMIGRATION

• Reasons for immigration
• Factors pushing people to immigrate
• Failed revolutions, nationalisms led losers,
  minorities to immigrate
• Severe economic, social conditions, repressions
  in Italy, Slavic lands
• Overpopulation drove many to immigrate
• Contract labor immigration in India, China,
  Indonesia
• Factors pulling people to immigrate
• Better economic opportunities abroad
• Gold Rushes, free land, recruitment by settler
  nations
• From Europe 1800-1920
• 60 million Europeans migrated
• Canada, US expanded populations, settled
  interiors
• Germans brought sophisticated technology, culture
  to US
• Jews, Catholics transformed US through migration
• Eastern Europeans opened Canadian interior, made
  it a grain basket
• Italians transformed Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay,
  Chile
• Asian Immigration
• Chinese Immigration
• Businessmen allowed to settle in French, British
  port cities

41
MIGRATION TO THE AMERICAS

• Industrial migrants to United States and Canada
• In 1850s
• 2.3 million Europeans migrated to US, Canada
• Mostly Irish, German, English
• Number increased after from 1870s to 1920s
• Immigrant labor replaced slave labor
• Contributed to U.S. industrial expansion
• Provided labor in factories, on railroads
• Union soldiers were 1/5 immigrants
• 1852-1875
• 200,000 Chinese migrated to California
• Worked in mines and building railroads
• Provided domestic labor in West
• 1875 1920
• S. European Italians, Greeks to USA
• E. European Poles, Ukrainians, Czechs, Slovaks,
  Jews to US, Canada
• N. European Scandinavians to Canada
• Latin American
• Migrants mostly worked on agricultural
  plantations

42
BRAZIL

• Interactions
• War Home of Portuguese royal family during
  Napoleonic Wars, Uruguay independence
• War Triple Alliance war against Paraguay in
  1870s
• Diplomacy Through negotiations extended borders
  against weaker states
• State Structure
• 1750 Portuguese crown colony, governors
  appointed by Lisbon, landed elite ruled
• 1820-1888 Empire of Brazil, monarchy, social
  structure based on slavery, entrenched regional
  elites
• Centralist vs. liberal argument dominated
  politics many revolts by elites, poor in
  outlying regions
• 1888 Empire abolished over slavery issue,
  federal republic declared, repaid slaveholders
  for slaves
• Heavy influence of military, regional elites,
  wealthy elite in government rebellions, military
  coups
• Social and Gender
• 1750 Plantation casted society with minority
  whites, majority black population slaves, poor
  rural
• Slave Trade, Slavery abolished in 1888 by decree
  of Princess Regent
• 1888 Society with whites, blacks, mixed
  populations remained casted
• Society dominated by the landed, generally white
  elite poor rural blacks were landless
  proletariat
• Middle class began to grow in cities with rise of
  industry, export workers were Italian, immigrant
• Cultural
• Ruling population thoroughly Europeanized blacks
  retained many African traditions
• Catholicism is the only unifying force and it is
  a syncretic blend many traditional African
  beliefs

43
BRAZIL EMPIRE TO REPUBLIC
44
PERU

• Interactions
• Trade
• Exploitation of export commodities stiffened
  competition among military strongmen
• Expansion of silver production, wool production
  for export
• 1840s - 1880s rise of export of guano (bird
  dung) as fertilizers for Europe massive state
  revenues
• Copper mines, rubber production begun with
  American finance capital
• War
• Wars of Independence led by Jose de San Martin
  and Simon Bolivar
• Peru one of last colonies to achieve independence
• War of the Pacific with Chile, allied to Bolivia
  to control nitrate, copper rich area of Atacama
  Desert
• Chileans victorious, occupy whole coast of Peru
• During which Chinese rebel, Indians rebel in
  highland military coup leads to civil war
• State Structure
• After independence
• Driven by conflict between rival military
  caudillos
• Constant conflict between liberals (local
  autonomy, reforms), centralists (centralized
  state control)
• 1895 New era of democratically elected rulers
• Modernized administration suppressed worst of
  Indian tributes foreign interests bought up by
  government
• Expansion of educational opportunities

45
MAP OF PERU