Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population

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Applying Population Ecology The Human Population

• Chapter 7

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Question 1

• What are the three factors that affect human
  population growth? Write an equation to
  mathematically describe the relationship between
  these rates and the rate of population change.

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3 Factors Affecting Population Growth

• Crude birth rate number of live births per
  1,000 people in a given year
• Crude death rate number of deaths per 1,000
  people in a population in a given year
• Migration
• Immigration individuals entering a population.
• Emigration when individuals leave a population.

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Factors Affecting Human Population Size

• Population change is calculated by subtracting
  the number of people leaving a population
  (through death emigration) from the number
  entering it (birth Immigration)
• Population change
• (Births Immigration) (Deaths Emigration)

If this is higher, population increases
If this is higher, population decreases
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Average Crude Birth and Death Rates
Average crude birth rate
Average crude death rate
Africa
38
14
Latin America
22
6
Asia
20
7
18
Oceania
7
United States
14
8
North America
14
8
10
Europe
12
Fig. 7-2b, p. 130
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Question 2

• Compare rates of population growth in developed
  and developing countries.

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Developed vs. Developing

• The rate _at_ which the worlds population is
  increasing has slowed, but population continues
  to grow fairly rapidly.
• Global Annual Exponential Growth Rate
• 1.2

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Developed vs. Developing

• Developed Country Growth Rate
• 0.1 annually
• Developing Country Growth Rate
• 1.5 annually (15 times faster)
• Environmental impact of births in developed
  countries 30x higher!

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Average Crude Birth and Death Rates
Average crude birth rate
Average crude death rate
World
21
9
All developed countries
11
10
All developing countries
24
8
Developing countries (w/o China)
27
9
Fig. 7-2a, p. 130
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Question 3

• Describe how fertility rate affects population
  growth. Explain at least five factors that affect
  birth rate and five factors that affect death
  rate.

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Fertility

• Fertility
• the number of births that occur to an individual
  woman or in a population
• Replacement-level fertility
• number of children a couple must have to replace
  themselves.
• (Developed 2.1 / Developing 2.5)
• Total fertility rate (TFR)
• average number of children a woman has in her
  reproductive years.
• (Developed 1.6 / Developing 3.0)

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World Population Projections
Fig. 7-3, p. 131
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US Fertility Rates (1917-2005)
Fig. 7-4, p. 131
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Factors Affecting Birth Rates and Fertility Rates

• Children as labor force
• Cost of raising and educating children
• Availability of pension systems
• Urbanization
• Education and employment of women

• Infant mortality rate
• Average age of marriage
• Abortion
• Availability of birth control
• Culture, religious values, and traditions

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Factors Affecting Death Rates

• Life expectancy
• Infant mortality rate
• Best measure of a countrys level of nutrition
  health care
• AIDS and other diseases

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Question 4

• Describe how are age structure diagrams are used
  to make population and economic projections. Be
  able to analyze an age structure diagram to
  determine population growth or decline.

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Age Structure

• Age Structure
• The distribution of males females in each age
  group in a population
• Three Age Categories
• Pre-Reproductive (0-14)
• Reproductive (15-44)
• Post-Reproductive (45-85)

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Population Age Structures
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Expanding Rapidly Guatamala Nigeria Saudi Arabia
Expanding Slowly United States Australia Canada
Stable Spain Austria Greece
Declining Germany Bulgaria Italy
Prereproductive ages 0-14
Reproductive ages 15-44
Postreproductive ages 45-85
Fig. 7-8, p. 135
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Effects of Population Decline

• 40 nations have stable or declining populations
• Rapid declines can create severe social and
  economic problems

• Labor and social security problems
• Social and economic impacts of AIDS

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Tracking the US Baby Boom Generation
Fig. 7-10, p. 136
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Question 5

• What four factors limit the ability of developing
  countries from making a demographic transition?

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Demographic Transition

• As countries become more industrialized, first
  their death rates and then their birth rates
  decline.
• Problem
• Conditions that allowed countries to develop in
  the past are not available today

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4 Limiting Factors

• Shortages of skilled workers
• Needed to produce high tech products necessary to
  compete in global economy
• Lack of capital other resources
• Rise in debt owed to developed
• countries
• Little left to improve conditions
• Less economic assistance available

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Question 6

• Explain how a combination of family planning and
  empowering women can work to slow population
  growth?

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Family Planning

• Family Planning
• Provides educational clinical services that
  help couples choose how many children to have
  when to have them
• How does it help?
• Increases contraception use
• Reduces of abortions
• Lowers risk of maternal
• fetal death from pregnancy

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Empowering Women

• 3 Key Factors Linked to Women Having Fewer
  Healthier Children
• Education
• Jobs Outside the Home
• Living in societies where
• rights are not suppressed

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Reducing Poverty

• Reducing Poverty
• Reduces Unsustainable Consumption

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Question 7

• What are the major resource and environmental
  problems of urban sprawl and urbanization?

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Urbanization

• Moving from rural areas to the city!
• 1/2 the worlds population lives in densely
  populated urban areas
• People come in search of jobs, food, housing,
  better life, freedom from oppression.

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Major Urban Areas of the World
Karachi 10.4 million 16.2 million
Dhaka 13.2 million 22.8 million
Beijing 10.8 million 11.7 million
Tokyo 26.5 million 27.2 million
Los Angeles 13.3 million 14.5 million
Cairo 10.5 million 11.5 million
New York 16.8 million 17.9 million
Mumbai (Bombay) 16.5 million 22.6 million
Calcutta 13.3 million 16.7 million
Mexico City 18.3 million 20.4 million
Osaka 11.0 million 11.0 million
Lagos 12.2 million 24.4 million
Sao Paulo 18.3 million 21.2 million
Manila 10.1 million 11.5 million
Delhi 13.0 million 20.9 million
Jakarta 11.4 million 17.3 million
Shanghai 12.8 million 13.6 million
Buenos Aires 12.1 million 13.2 million
Fig. 7-13, p. 141
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Major Urban Areas of the US
Fig. 7-15, p. 142
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Advantages of Urbanization (especially in
Developed Countries)

• Jobs
• Education
• Better access to health care
• Recycling is more economically feasible
• Biodiversity may be preserved in some rural areas

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7 Disadvantages of Urbanization

• Resource use and waste
• Reduction in vegetation
• Water supply problems and flooding
• Dont grow food
• Air, noise and water pollution
• Disease, poverty, crime and accidents
• Microclimates Urban heat islands

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Extreme Poverty in Urban Areas
Fig. 7-20, p. 146
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Urban Sprawl

• Growth of low-density development on the edges of
  towns cities
• Product of increased prosperity, lots of
  affordable land, cars, cheap gas poor urban
  planning
• Increases dependence on cars / flooding / energy
  waste / destroys useful land

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Urban Sprawl
1967
1952
1995
1972
Fig. 7-16, p. 143
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Some Undesirable Effects of Urban Sprawl
Fig. 7-17a, p. 144
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Some Undesirable Effects of Urban Sprawl
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Question 8

• Describe how the development of ecocities can
  make for more sustainable urban environments.

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Smart Growth

• Encourages more environmentally friendly
  sustainable development by
• Lowering dependence on car
• Controlling directing sprawl
• Reduces wasteful resource use

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Making Cities More Sustainable Ecocities /
Green Cities

• Prevents Pollution Reduces Waste
• Uses energy matter more efficiently
• Recycles, reuses composts 60 of solid waste
• Uses more renewable energy sources
• Preserves surrounding land

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Bus System of Curitiba, Brazil
City center
City center
Workers
Interdistrict
Direct
Feeder
Express
Fig. 7-26, p. 152