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Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population

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Cost of raising and educating children. Availability of pension systems. Urbanization. Education and employment for women. Infant mortality rate. Average marrying ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population


1
Applying Population Ecology The Human Population
G. Tyler Millers Living in the Environment 14th
Edition Chapter 10
2
Key Concepts
  • Factors affecting human population size
  • Human population problems
  • Managing population growth

3
Factors Affecting Human Population Size
  • Population change equation
  • Crude birth rate (BR)
  • Crude death rate (DR)

Refer to Figure 10-3, p. 177
4
Describing Population Changes
  • Doubling Times
  • Rule of 70
  • Fertility
  • Replacement-level Fertility
  • Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

5
Factors Affecting Birth Rates and Total
Fertility Rates
  • Children in Labor Force
  • Cost of raising and educating children
  • Availability of pension systems
  • Urbanization
  • Education and employment for women
  • Infant mortality rate
  • Average marrying age
  • Abortion
  • Availability of birth control

6
U.S. Birth Rates 1910-2004
32
30
28
26
24
Births per thousand population
22
20
18
End of World War II
16
Demographic transition
Depression
Baby boom
Baby bust
Echo baby boom
14
0
2010
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Year
Fig. 10-8, p. 180
7
Factors Affecting Death Rates
  • Life expectancy
  • Infant mortality rate (IMR)

8
Population Age Structure
Fig. 10-14 p. 184
9
Solutions Influencing Population Size
  • Migration
  • Environmental refugees
  • Reducing births
  • Family planning
  • Empowerment of women
  • Economic rewards and penalties

10
The Demographic Transition
Fig. 10-20 p. 189
11
Case Study Slowing Population Growth in India
Generally disappointing results
  • Poor planning
  • Bureaucratic inefficiency
  • Low status of women
  • Extreme poverty
  • Lack of support

12
Case Study Slowing Population Growth in China
  • Economic incentives
  • Free medical care
  • Preferential treatment
  • Locally administered
  • Very intrusive and coercive

13
Cutting Global Population Growth
  • Family planning
  • Improve health care
  • Elevate the status of women
  • Increase education
  • Involve men in parenting
  • Reduce poverty
  • Sustainability
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