Title: The difficulty with pronouncing English vowels
1English Pronunciation for CommunicationA
Practical Course for Students of EnglishByWang
GuizhenFaculty of English Language
CultureGuangdong University of Foreign Studies
2Consonants of the English Language Chinese EFL
Learners Difficulties in the Learning Process
3- Why use phonemic symbols?
- The alphabet which we use to write English has 26
letters but (British) English has 44 sounds.
Inevitably, English spelling is not a reliable
guide to pronunciation because - Some letters have more than one sound
- Sometimes letters are not pronounced at all
- The same sound may be represented by different
letters - Sometimes syllables indicated by the spelling are
not - pronounced at all
- Questions
- How do you pronounce gh in 'enough', 'through'
and - 'ghost'? (like f in fun, not pronounced, like
g in got) - How many syllables are there in 'chocolate'?
4Phonemes
- Linguists classify the speech sounds
used in a language into a number of abstract
categories called phonemes. English, for example,
has 44 phonemes, although the number varies
according to the dialect of the speaker and the
system of the classification. Phonemes are
abstract categories which allow us to group
together subsets of speech sounds. Even though no
two speech sounds, or phones, are identical, all
of the phones classified into one phoneme
category are similar enough so that they convey
the same meaning.
5Description of the English consonants
-
- English consonants can be classified according to
- 1. the points of articulation
- 2. the manners of articulation
- 3. the state of the vocal cords
6Points of articulation
- 1. bilabial (two lips)
- 2. labio-dental (top teeth/bottom lip)
- 3. dental (tongue tip/top teeth)
- 4. alveolar (tongue tip/tooth ridge)
- 5. post alveolar (tongue tip or mid/hard palate)
- 6. palatal (tongue mid/hard palate)
- 7. velar (tongue back/ soft palate)
- 8. glottal
7Manners of articulation
- 1. Stops (or plosives)
- 2. Fricatives
- 3. Affricates
- 4. Nasals
- 5. Lateral
- 6. Approximants
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12English Consonants
- 1. Stops/Plosives - English has six bursts or
explosive sounds produced by complete closure of
the vocal tract followed by a rapid release of
the closure - 'p', 't', 'k', 'b', 'd', 'g'. - 2. Fricatives - English has nine fricatives -
weak or strong friction noises produced when the
articulators are close enough together to cause
turbulence in the airflow. - 3. Affricates - English has two affricates -
plosives released with frication - "church" and
"judge". - 4. Nasals - English has three nasals in which the
airflow is blocked completely at some point in
the oral tract, but in which the lowering of the
velum allows a weak flow of energy to pass
through the nose. - 5. Approximants - English has four approximants -
the 'w' in "won", the 'l' in "like", the 'r' in
"red", and the 'y' in "yes." In these phonemes,
there is more constriction in the vocal tract
than for the vowels, but less than the other
consonant categories below.
13English consonants and their description
- /p/- voiceless bilabio stop
- /b/- voiced bilabio stop
- /t/- voiceless alveolar stop
- /d/- voiced alveolar stop
- /k/- voiceless velar stop
- /?/- voiced velar stop
- /f/- voiceless labiodental fricative
- /v/- voiced labiodental fricative
- /?/- voiceless dental fricative
- /?/- voiced dental fricative
- /s/- voiceless alveolar fricatives
- /z/- voiced alveolar fricative
14English consonants and their description
- /?/- voiceless post-alveolar fricative
- /?/- voiced post-alveolar fricative
- /h/- voiceless glottal fricative
- /t?/- voiceless post-alveolar affricate
- /d?/- voiced post-alveolar affricate
- /m/- voiced bilabial nasal
- /n/- voiced alveolar nasal
- /n/- voiced velar nasal
- /l/- voiced alveolar lateral
- /w/- voiced bilabial approximant
- /r/- voiced post-alveolar approximant
- /j/- voiced palatal approximant
15The pronunciation of /p/ and /b/
16The pronunciation of /t/ and /d/
17The pronunciation of /k/ and /g/
18????
- ???????????,??poke,tape,keep.
- ????????top tea, rob the man, sit still, take
three, lag behind. - ???????,???,??????stop Pete, rob Bob, let Tim
(??let him), sad Dave, take Kim (??take him), big
grapes. - /s/????????spot, stop, sky.
- ???????eighth, width(??), clock, padlock, glad
(???????), keen,geese (??????).
19- I. Learning of English consonants
- II. Frequency of occurrence of English
- consonants
20Ex. 1 Write down the English consonants
according to the description
- 1. _______________
- 2. _______________
- 3. _______________
- 4. _______________
- 5. _______________
- 6. _______________
- 7. _______________
- 8. _______________
21- Ex. 2 Materials for reading aloud
- Americans eat breakfast and lunch quickly unless
it is a social, business or family occasion. The
evening meal is usually longer and a time for
families to gather together. Rushing through
daytime meals is part of the fast pace in
America. Another reason for rushing through
daytime meals is that many people eat in
restaurants that are usually crowded with people
waiting for a place so that they can be served
and return to work at the proper time. So each
one hurries to make room for the next person. As
with busy people everywhere, there is a real
difference between meals that are eaten in a
hurry and those that can be enjoyed slowly with
friends.
22??
- ????????Unit 2????
- ???????????
23Thank you.