Cluster

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Cluster

• Tr?n H?u L?c (00706140)
• Nguy?n Thành Trung(00706151)

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Outline

• Introduction
• Cluster architectures
• System Design
• Parallel Programming Environments and Tools
• Cluster Applications

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Introduction

• Solving grand challenge applications using
  computer modeling, simulation and analysis
  (Weather Forecasting, Military Applications,
  Simulation, astrophysics )
• Mini computers were large and expensive
• The development of powerful microprocessors
• High speed LAN

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How to Run Applications Faster ?

• Using faster hardware
• Optimized algorithms and techniques used to solve
  computational tasks
• Multiple computers to solve a particular task

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History

• In the 1960s, or even late 1950s
• Research clusters in hand with that of both
  networks and the Unix operating system from the
  early 1970s
• The first commercial clustering product was
  ARCnet, developed by Datapoint in 1977
• VAXcluster in 1984
• Tandem Himalaya and the IBM S/390 Parallel
  Sysplex in 1994

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What is Cluster ?

• A cluster is a type of parallel or distributed
  processing system, which consists of a collection
  of interconnected stand-alone computers
  cooperatively working together as a single,
  integrated computing resource.
• A nodea single or multiprocessor system with
  memory, I/O facilities, OS
• A cluster
• generally 2 or more computers (nodes) connected
  together in a single cabinet, or physically
  separated connected via a LAN
• Provide a cost-effective way to gain features and
  benefits

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Cluster Architecture
Parallel Applications
Parallel Applications
Parallel Applications
Sequential Applications
Sequential Applications
Sequential Applications
Parallel Programming Environment
Cluster Middleware (Single System Image and
Availability Infrastructure)
Cluster Interconnection Network/Switch
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System Design

• Performance Requirements
• Hardware Platforms
• Operating Systems
• Single System Image (SSI)
• Middleware

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Performance Requirements

• Common Cluster Modes
• High Performance (dedicated).
• High Throughput (idle cycle harvesting).
• High Availability (fail-over).
• A Unified System HP and HA within the same
  cluster

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Performance Requirements

• The Need for Performance Evaluation
• Hardware Idle processors due to conflicts over
  memory access communications paths.
• Operating System Inefficient internal
  scheduler, file systems and memory
  allocation/de-allocation.
• Middleware Inefficient distribution and
  coordination of tasks, high inter-processor
  communications latency due to inefficient
  middleware.
• Applications Inefficient algorithms that do not
  exploit the natural concurrency of a problem.

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Performance Requirements

• Some indices for global measurements
• Execution rate The execution rate measures the
  machine output per unit of time, measured in MIPS
  (million instructions per second)
• Speedup (Sp)
• Efficiency (Ep)

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Hardware Platforms

• Multiple High Performance Computers
• PCs
• Workstations
• SMPs (CLUMPS)

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Hardware Platforms

• Processors
• Intel x86 Processors
• Pentium Pro and Pentium Xeon
• AMD x86, Cyrix x86, etc.
• Digital Alpha
• Alpha 21364 processor integrates processing,
  memory controller, network interface into a
  single chip
• IBM PowerPC
• Sun SPARC
• SGI MIPS
• HP PA

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Network Technology

• Communication Protocols
• Connection-oriented or connectionless
• Offering various levels of reliability, including
  fully guaranteed to arrive in order (reliable),
  or not guaranteed (unreliable)
• Not buffered (synchronous), or buffered
  (asynchronous)
• Internet Protocols TCP/IP, UDP
• Low-latency ProtocolsActive Messages, Fast
  Messages, the VMMC (Virtual Memory-Mapped
• Communication) system, U-net, and Basic Interface
  for Parallelism (BIP),

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Network Technology

• Hardware Products
• Ethernet (10Mbps),
• Fast Ethernet (100Mbps),
• Gigabit Ethernet (1Gbps)
• SCI (Scalable Coherent Interface- MPI- 12µsec
  latency)
• ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
• Myrinet (1.28Gbps)
• QsNet (Quadrics Supercomputing World, 5µsec
  latency for MPI messages)
• Digital Memory Channel
• FDDI (fiber distributed data interface)
• InfiniBand

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Operating Systems

• The operating system for a cluster lies at every
  node
• 2 fundamental services for users
• make the computer hardware easier to use
• create a virtual machine that differs markedly
  from the real machine
• share hardware resources among users
• Processor - multitasking
• The new concept in OS services
• support multiple threads of control in a process
  itself
• parallelism within a process
• multithreading

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Operating Systems
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Operating Systems

• Node Operating System
• Linux Clusters (e.g., Beowulf)
• Solaris Clusters (e.g., Berkeley NOW)
• NT Clusters (e.g., HPVM)
• AIX Clusters (e.g., IBM SP2)
• SCO/Compaq Clusters (Unixware)
• Digital VMS Clusters
• HP-UX clusters
• Microsoft Wolfpack clusters

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Single System Image (SSI)

• Hides the heterogeneous and distributed nature of
  the available resources, presents them to users
  and applications as a single unified computing
  resource
• High availability
• Transparency of resource management
• Scalable performance

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Single System Image (SSI)

• Services and Benefits
• Single entry point
• Single user interface
• Single process space
• Single I/O space (SIOS)
• Single file hierarchy
• Single virtual networking
• Single job-management system
• Single control point and management
• Checkpointing and Process Migration

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Middleware
Parallel Applications
Parallel Applications
Parallel Applications
Sequential Applications
Sequential Applications
Sequential Applications
Parallel Programming Environment
Cluster Middleware (Single System Image and
Availability Infrastructure)
Cluster Interconnection Network/Switch
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Middleware

• Introduction
• A layer of software sandwiched between the
  operating system and applications.
• A means of integrating software applications
  running in a heterogeneous environment.
• Heterogeneity
• Hardware platform become heterogeneous
• Must support very different applications
• Overview
• Help application developer overcome these
  heterogeneities.
• Provides services for the management and
  administration of a heterogeneous system

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Middleware Technological scope

• Message-based Middleware
• RPC-based Middleware
• CORBA
• OLE/COM
• Internet Middleware
• Java Technologies
• Cluster Management Software

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Middleware Technological scope

• Message-based Middleware
• Uses common communications protocol to
  exchange data between applications which hides
  low level message passing primitives from
  application developer
• Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) and MPI
• RPC-based Middleware
• Remote Procedure Call (RPC) allows request
  process directly executing a procedure on another
  and receive a response
• use Marshalling to transfer data structures in
  RPC from one to another
• Network Information Services 9 (NIS) and
  Network File Services 10 (NFS)

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Middleware Technological scope

• COBRA
• An architectural framework that specifies the
  mechanisms for processing distributed objects
• Object Management Architecture (OMA) Object
  Request Broker (ORB), Object services,
  Application services, Application objects.
• COM/OLE
• Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) highly
  generic object model and a set of interfaces
  (Object Oriented) allowing apps to
  intercommunicate
• Component Object Model (COM) model defines
  mechanisms for the creation of objects and
  communication between clients and objects that
  are distributed across distributed environment.

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Middleware Technological scope

• Internet Middleware
• HyperText Transport Protocol (HTTP) and Common
  Gateway Interface (CGI), v.v.
• Java Technologies
• Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI)
• Jini a set of APIs and network protocols
  used to create and deploy distributed systems
  organized as federations of services
• Cluster Management Software
• Administer and manage jobs submitted to
  workstation clusters
• Optimize the use of the available resources,
  set priority, steal CPU cycle, task-migration,
  ensure task complete

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System Administration

• Introduction
• Manageability of a system how usable in terms of
  actually producing computations value and what
  comfort level for users
• Computer science research performance testing,
  benchmarking, and software tuning.
• Production-computing environment provide
  reliable computing cycles with dependable
  networking, application software, and OS
• Good systems manageability will directly equate
  to better results

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System Administration

• System Planning
• Hardware Considerations low cost/compute cycle
  ratio workstations
• Performance Specifications performance testing,
  benchmarking, and software tuning.
• Memory speed and interleave
• Processor core speed vs. bus speed
• PCI bus speed and width
• Multiprocessor issues single- or multiprocessor
  building blocks
• Cluster Interconnect Considerations require
  efficient data transfers, effective drain on
  processor cycles associated with transfers,
  highly optimized network interconnects

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System Administration

• Software Considerations
• Remote Access Windows (Telnet, Terminal service,
  IIS), Unix (SSH, Telnet, XWindows, FTP).
• System Installation Windows (Remote Installation
  Service, third-party tool Norton Ghost,
  Imagecast), Unix (Linux Utility for cluster
  Install (LUI) of IBM, VA SystemImager of VA
  Linux)
• System Monitoring Remote Control of Nodes
• Probing by direct access to kernel memory
• Probing by File System Interface
• Collecting the Performance Information
• Scalability
• Optimizing the Network Traffic
• Reducing The Intrusiveness

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System Administration
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System Administration

• Remote Management Tools and Technology
• Remote monitoring and control of nodes,
  copy/move/remove files, remote shutdown, restart,
  security maintenance, parallel execution
• Scheduling Systems

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Parallel Programming Environments and Tools

• Threads (PCs, SMPs, NOW..)
• POSIX Threads
• Java Threads
• MPI (Message Passing Interface)
• Linux, NT, on many Supercomputers
• PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine)
• Parametric Programming

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Parallel Programming Environments and Tools

• Software DSMs (Shmem)
• Compilers
• C/C/Java
• Parallel programming with C (MIT Press book)
• RAD (rapid application development tools)
• GUI based tools for PP modeling
• Debuggers
• Performance Analysis Tools
• Visualization Tools

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Applications

• Sequential
• Parallel / Distributed (Cluster-aware app.)
• Grand Challenging applications
• Weather Forecasting
• Quantum Chemistry
• Molecular Biology Modeling
• Engineering Analysis (CAD/CAM)
• .
• PDBs, web servers, data-mining

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Operational Benefits

• High Performance aggregate computing power
  across nodes to solve a problem faster.
• Expandability and Scalability easily to expand
  and increase size of nodes.
• High Throughput harness the ever-growing power
  of desktop computing resources while protecting
  the rights and needs of their interactive users.
• High Availability provide high availability of
  service

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References

• Cluster Computing White Paper - Mark Baker,
  University of Portsmouth, UK
• Cluster Computing - Architectures, Operating
  Systems, Parallel Processing Programming
  Languages - Richard S. Morrison
• High Performance Cluster Computing Architectures
  and Systems slide (Hai Jin and Raj Buyya)