Title: Chapter 6 Notes The Chemistry of Life
1Chapter 6 NotesThe Chemistry of Life
- Section 6.1 Atoms and Their Interactions
2Take 5
- ____________ is the condition that results from
changes in the independent variable. - __________ results in an increase in the amount
of living material and the formation of new
structures.
3Take 5
- An atom of Fluorine has nine electrons. Its
second energy level has ________ electrons. - How many electrons can a carbon atom share?
- What kind of bond is formed when two atoms share
electrons, such as with hydrogen and oxygen in
water?
4Take 5
- Water dissolves many ionic and molecular
compounds because of its __________. - Show the bond between magnesium and Sulfur.
- Name two types of carbohydrates.
5Take 5
- What are the two components of a lipid?
- What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?
- What do nucleotides make up? Give 2 examples.
6Take 5
- Draw Neon and show the energy levels.
- Show me a covalent bond between two carbon atoms.
- Show me an ionic bond between NaCl
7I. Elements
- Natural elements in living things
- Element _________________________
- ________________________________
- Four elements make up ______ of the mass of the
human body _________________ - Look at page 142, Table 6.1. It shows some common
elements along with their symbols, found in the
human body.
A substance that cant be broken down into
simpler chemical substances.
9 6
C, H, O , N
8Elements in the Human Body
9I. Elements
- Trace Elements
- ______________________________
- ________________________________
- (Table 6.1)
Elements that play a vital role in maintaining
healthy cells, but are needed in very small
amounts
10II. Atoms The Building Blocks of Elements
- Atom the smallest particle of an __________ that
has the characteristics of that element. - The structure of an atom
- The center of an atom is the ___________.
- The nucleus is made up of _________ (p) which
are positively charged and __________ (n) which
are neutral or have no charge.
Element
Nucleus
Protons
Neutrons
11II. Atoms The Building Blocks of Elements
- 3. Elements are arranged on the Periodic table
according to the number of ________ they
naturally have. This number is called the
__________ ____________. - 4. The region of space surrounding the nucleus
contains extremely small, negatively charged
particles called __________ (e-). This region is
also known as the __________ ___________.
Protons
Atomic Number
Electrons
Electron Cloud
12? Atomic Number for Carbon Therefore,
there are 6 protons in the nucleus.
6
13How many Protons are in the following Elements???
Helium Calcium
Neon
He 2
Ca 20
Ne 10
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15II. Atoms The Building Blocks of Elements
- Electron energy levels (pg. 143, fig 6.2)
- 1. Within the electron cloud, there are energy
levels which the electrons move in.
16E1 2 electrons E2 8 electrons E3 18
electrons E4 32 electrons
17Draw the energy levels of each atom
Nitrogen
Iron (Fe)
18III. Isotopes of an Element
- Isotope atoms of the same element that have the
same number of ________, but a different number
of ___________. - Scientists refer to isotopes by stating the
combing total of ___________ and __________ in
the nucleus. - For example Carbon-12 (naturally occurring
element) - Carbon-14 (contains 2
more neutrons) - - The nucleus is ___________ and tens to break
apart and give off ______________.
protons
Neutrons
protons
Neutrons
unstable
radiation
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20IV. Compounds and Bonding
- Compound a substance that is composed of
________ of two or more __________ elements that
are chemically combined. Ex NaCl _______ - How and why do elements combine?
_______________________________ - ________________________________
- For many elements, an atom becomes ________ when
its outermost energy - level is __________.
atoms
different
Sodium Chloride
Atoms combine with each other only when the
resulting compound is more stable than the
individual atoms.
stable
full
21IV. Compounds and Bonding
- How covalent bonds form
- Covalent Bond _____________________
- The electrons being shared ____________ around
both elements holding them ___________ together - A ________________ is a group of atoms held
together by covalent bonds. Ex ____________
(_______)
The force between two atoms that share electrons
move
close
molecule
H2 O
water
22IV. Compounds and Bonding
- Examples of covalent bonds
- a. Two hydrogen atoms
23IV. Compounds and Bonding
24IV. Compounds and Bonding
- How ionic form
- Ionic bond _______________________
- ___________________________________
- Ion ____________________________
- These bonds are ________ abundant in living
things than covalent molecules, but ions are
important in _________ processes - Examples of ionic bonds
The attractive
force between two ions of opposite charge
A charged atom that gained or lost electrons
less
biological
25IV. Compounds and Bonding
- A. Table salt NaCl
-
- B. MgS
Na 11 Cl 17
Mg 12 S 16
26V. Chemical Reactions
- Chemical reactions occur when ______ are formed
or broken, causing substances to __________ into
different substances. - All the chemical reactions that occur within an
organism are referred to as that organisms
________________. - Writing chemical equations
- Basic Setup
- _________ ?_________ NaCl ? NaCl
bonds
recombine
metabolism
Reactants
Products
27V. Chemical Reactions
- 2. In chemical reactions, it is important to
understand that atoms are neither _________ nor
__________, they are simply rearranged.
created
destroyed
28VI. Mixtures and Solutions
- Mixture a combination of substances in which
the __________ components retain their own
__________. Ex _____________________
____ - Solution a mixture in which one or more
_________ (solutes) are distributed _________ in
another substance (solvent). In other words, one
substance is __________ in another and will not
settle out of solution. - Ex _____________________________
individual
properties
Mixing sand and sugar, salt and pepper
substances
evenly
dissolved
Sugar and water, food coloring and water
29VI. Mixtures and Solutions
- Acids and Bases
- Chemical reactions can only occur when conditions
are __________. One condition that is very
important is the ____ of the solution. - The pH is a measure of how _________ or _________
a solution is. - Look on page 150, fig 6.11 for the pH scale
____________ is acidic, ________ is neutral,
________ is basic. - An acid is any substance that forms hydrogen ions
(H) in water. EX _________________
right
pH
acidic
basic
0 to 6
7
8-14
HCl ? (H) (Cl-)
30VI. Mixtures and Solutions
- 5. A base is any substance that forms
hydroxide ions (OH-) in water - EX ___________________________
- 6. If the hydrogen ions equal the hydroxide
ions the solution is neutral and the pH of 7. - 7. So
- If H gt OH- then solution is acidic
- If H lt OH- then solution is basic
- If H OH- then solution is neutral
NaOH ? (Na) (OH-)
31pH of common substances
32Concentration of H ions
33Section 6.2
34I. Water and Its Importance
- Water is polar
- Polar Molecule ____________________
- __________________________________.
- These molecules have a __________ end and a
______________. - Polar molecules attract other __________
molecules as well as _________ ________ - Look at page 153, fig 6.12. Water is a polar
molecule.
A molecule with
unequal distribution of charge
Positive
negative
polar
Charged ions
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36I. Water and Its Importance
- When two water molecules come in close contact,
the negative ___________ end is attracted to the
other water molecules positive ___________ end.
This attractions of opposite charges forms a
________ bond called a ____________. - Because of waters polarity, it..
- Is the ____________ ____________
- Can move up plants by ________ ________
oxygen
hydrogen
weak
Hydrogen bond
Universal solvent
Capillary action
37Water is a universal solvent!!!!!
38I. Water and Its Importance
- Water resists temperature changes
- Water requires ______ heat to increase its
temperature than other liquids. Why?
__________________________________________________
__________________ - When water cools, it gives _____ a lot of
___________. - Because water takes longer to heat up and cool
down, it is like an _______ that helps maintain a
__________ environment when conditions fluctuate
outside and within our own ______________.
more
Because of the hydrogen bonds between each
molecule. As you heat up water, the bonds must
be broken to move around.
off
heat
insulator
steady
Bodies/cells
39I. Water and Its Importance
- Water expands expends when it freezes
- - As water begins to _________ more and more
_____________bonds are formed and the water
molecules become more ________ apart. When this
happens as a piece of ice forms, it becomes
________ ________ than the surrounding liquid
water, therefore ice ___________________!
freeze
hydrogen
spread
Less dense
floats
40II. Diffusion
Just Know and understand the definition of
Diffusion!!!!!
- Early observations Brownian motion
- (1827) Was one of the first to observe the random
motion of molecules and substances. - The process of diffusion
- Diffusion ________________________
- ___________________________________
- Diffusion is a ___________ process because it
relies on the random _________ of atoms and
molecules
The net movement of particles from
an area of higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration.
slow
motion
41Diffusion
42Section 6.3
43I. The role of Carbon in Organisms
- Molecular Chains
- Biomolecule large ____________ compounds (
contains 10s, 100s, to 1000s of carbon atoms) - Polymer a large molecule formed when ________
smaller molecules bond together.
organic
many
44I. The role of Carbon in Organisms
- The structure of carbohydrates
- Carbohydrate a biomolecule composed of
________________________________ - _____________________________ (CHO ratio)
- Functions of carbos ___________________
- Two types of carbohydrates
- _______________
- A _______________ is a ____________ (small) sugar
- EX glucose and fructose
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that has or can be
reduced to a 121 ratio
Stores energy for the cell
Sugars
simple
monosaccharide
45I. The role of Carbon in Organisms
Disaccharide
- A __________ is _____ monosaccharide's linked
together - EX glucose fructose sucrose (table sugar)(pg
159, 6.17) - _______________
- Starches are ________________. The are polymers
composed of many monosaccharide subunits. - EX glycogen cellulose (pg 159 6.17)
2
Starches
polysaccharides
46Carbohydrate- sugar
Monosaccharide
- Glucose is stored
- In a plant as starch
- In an animal as glycogen
The formula for glucose (C6H1206) is shown above.
(121)
47I. The role of Carbon in Organisms
- Structure of Lipids
- Lipid large biomolecules that __________
- ___________________________________
- It can ______ reduced to a 121 ratio
- The are _________ in water because their
molecules are __________ and repel water - EX _____________________________
- ___________________________________
- Functions of lipids __________________
- __________________________________
are made mostly of carbon and hydrogen
with a small amount of oxygen.
not
Insoluble
nonpolar
Fats, oils, waxes, and steriods
energy storage,
insulation, protective coverings
48I. The role of Carbon in Organisms
- 5. Components of a lipid
- a. ________________________
- b. ___________________ (pg 160, 6.2)
- 6. Lipids can be saturated, unsaturated, or
polyunsaturated. - - Saturated All of the ______ atoms are
_______ bonded together the molecule is now
____________ with hydrogen atoms -
Three fatty acids
one glycerol molecule
carbon
Single
saturated
49I. The role of Carbon in Organisms
- Unsaturated when a _______ bond exists between
two of the carbon atoms the molecule now has
________ hydrogen atoms - Polyunsaturated when _________ double bonds
exist between the carbons even __________
hydrogen is present now. - The structure of proteins
- Protein ________________________________
- ___________________________________
double
less
many
less
A large, complex polymer composed of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
50I. The role of Carbon in Organisms
- Components of a protein __________
- ___________________________
- The amino acids are linked together by covalent
___________ bonds. - Proteins come in a large variety of _______ and
_________. The number and order of the
____________ determines its function. - Functions of proteins
- a. Gives structure and ____________. Ex
_________ - b. Help ____________ contact.
Amino acids
peptide
shapes
sizes
Amino acids
Hair, fingernails, horns, hoofs
support
muscles
51I. The role of Carbon in Organisms
oxygen
- Transport ____________ in your bloodstream. Ex
______________ - Provide ______________ EX _____________
- Carry out ______________ EX ___________
- An _____________ is a protein that changes the
__________ of a chemical reaction. - - Without the ________ of enzymes, we would not
be able to __________ our food fast enough to
feed our body.
hemoglobin
antibodies
immunity
reactions
enzymes
enzyme
rate
help
digest
52I. The role of Carbon in Organisms
- The structure of nucleic acids
- Nucleic acid a complex biomolecule that
________________________________. - Components of a nucleic acid ______________
(which have C, H, O, N, P) - A nucleotide is made up of (page 163, fig 6.24)
- ________________________
- ________________________
- ________________________
Store cellular information in the form of a code
nucleotide
sugar
Nitrogenous base
Phosphate group
53I. The role of Carbon in Organisms
- Examples
- _______ (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- Contains our __________ ________ ( how to make
all of our proteins) - ______ (ribonucleic acid)
- - Take the code from ______ and actually take
part in making our ______________. -
DNA
Genetic code
RNA
DNA
proteins