Chapter 13, Section 1The Growth of Industrial Prosperity

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Chapter 13, Section 1 The Growth of Industrial
Prosperity
The Second Industrial Revolution By the mid
to late 1800s, manufacturers began applying
scientific ideas to business in various
areas 1) Steel production Bessemer
process 2) Chemicals 3) Power a)
electricity - 1879, Edison invents light bulb
b) internal combustion engines
- 1889, Daimler builds gasoline-powered car
4) Communications a) telegraph - Morse
b) telephone - 1876, Bell invents
telephone c) radio (wireless telegraph)
- 1901, Marconi sends radio waves across
Atlantic Advances in industry, science,
medicine, communications, transportation led to
a higher standard of living for countries
leading the way in industrialization.
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Organizing the Working Classes Although early
attempts by workers to form workers associations
labor unions met with government
opposition, by the mid-1800s industrial workers
formed socialist political parties unions
to improve their working conditions.
Working-class leaders formed parties based on the
ideas of Karl Marx. 1848, Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels published The Communist
Manifesto which put forth Marxist ideology
regarding both economic social structure
1) history advanced through conflict 2)
social class that controlled production
became the ruling class 3) class struggle
pushed history forward 4) the proletariat
would violently overthrow the
bourgeoisie create a society without
classes class conflict One form of Marxist
socialism was eventually called communism.
Some Marxists (revisionists) rejected the
revolutionary program argued that working
with other parties for political social reform
was a better option. Trade unions (labor
unions) also worked for evolutionary, not
revolutionary, change. 1871, British unions
gained legal recognition. By 1914, labor
unions had bettered both living and working
conditions of the working classes.
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Chapter 13, Section 2 The Emergence of Mass
Society
Social Structure of Mass Society The new
wealthy elite (aristocrats, industrialists,
bankers, merchants) were at the top of
European society. The middle classes in Europe
consisted of a variety of groups who tended to
believe in the ideals of hard work and moral
conduct. The European urban working class
consisted of skilled artisans, semi-skilled
laborers, unskilled laborers. By the early
1900s, 80 of Europes population belonged to
the working class.
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The Experiences of Women During the 19th
century, women struggled to change their status
regarding economic educational
opportunities, social standing, occupational
property rights, and voting rights. 1870,
British wives gained greater property rights.
Amalie Sieveking founded the Female Association
for the Care of the Poor and Sick in Hamburg,
Germany. Florence Nightingale founded a school
of nursing in Britain. Clara Barton
helped transform nursing into a profession of
trained, middle-class women in white.
Emmeline Pankhurst her daughters founded the
Womens Social and Political Union in 1903 to
fight for womens suffrage in Britain. Universa
l Education Western nations began public
education in the late 1800s because 1) the
Second Industrial Revolution created a need for
trained, skilled labor, 2) more people
gaining the right to vote created a need for
better-educated voters, 3) primary schools
helped instill patriotism.
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Chapter 13, Section 3 The National State
Democracy
Western Europe Political Democracy By the
late 19th century, progress had been made toward
establishing constitutions, parliaments,
individual liberties in the major European
states. During the 18oos, the Liberal
Conservative parties in Britain both worked to
extend the right to vote to more people thru
the Reform Acts of 1832, 1867, 1884. 1900,
Labour Party emerged in Britain to represent
interests of workers. In France, the Third
French Republic was est. in 1875. A premier
(prime minister), who was responsible to the
legislative body (ministerial responsibility) led
the govt. Central Eastern Europe The Old
Order Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia
pursued policies that were quite different
from those of some western European nations.
In Germany, the kaiser chancellor controlled
the govt. By the reign of Kaiser William II,
Germany had become the strongest military
industrial power in Europe. Francis Joseph,
the dual monarch of Austria-Hungary, largely
ignored the parliamentary system
ministerial responsibility within his empire.
In Russia, Nicholas II began his rule believing
that the absolute power of the czars should
be preserved. Eventually, Nicholas II was
forced to grant civil liberties create a
legislative body called the Duma after the
Revolution of 1905 broke out due to Bloody
Sunday.
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The United States Canada Between 1870
1914, the U.S. became an industrial power with a
foreign empire. Canada faced problems of
national unity during this period. The 13th,
14th, 15th amendments to the U.S. Constitution
all affected former slaves by abolishing
slavery, giving citizenship to formerly enslaved
African Americans, giving the right to vote
to African American males. The U.S. annexed
Hawaii in 1898 after deposing Queen
Liliuokalani. Also in 1898, the U.S. defeated
Spain in the Spanish-American War acquired
Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines. While
Canada expanded territorially from the Atlantic
to the Pacific during the 1800s, unity in
Canada was difficult to achieve due to the
distrust between the English-speaking
French-speaking peoples of Canada.
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Chapter 13, Section 4 Toward the Modern
Consciousness
1905, Albert Einstein introduced the theory of
relativity, stating that space time are
relative to the observer. Marie Curies
experimentation with radium other radioactive
elements changed the worlds view of the
atom. Sigmund Freud believed human behavior
was strongly determined by repressed
experiences. Freud developed method known as
psychoanalysis to probe deeply into a
patients memory. 1900, Freud published The
Interpretation of Dreams. Social Darwinism
claimed that social progress comes from survival
of the strong fit. Anti-Semitism,
hostility discrimination against Jews,
increased throughout Europe, but especially
in Eastern Europe. Zionist movement developed
which called for a Jewish national homeland.
Impressionist painter Claude Monet sought to
capture the interplay of light, water,
sky. Vincent van Gogh was a Postimpressionist
painter for whom art was a spiritual
experience. Pablo Picasso created a new style
of painting called cubism.
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Impressionism
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Postimpressionism
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Postimpressionism
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Cubism
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Cubism