the Indian subcontinent

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the Indian subcontinent Since 1947 The Legacy
of Independence
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Main Ideas

• Nehru was Indias Prime Minister from
  independence until 1964
• Jinnah was the first leader of Pakistan, but died
  in 1948 just a little more than a year after
  independence
• India Pakistan tensions since independence
  border never resolved territory of Kashmir in
  dispute
• 2 countries became 3 Bangladesh separated from
  Pakistan

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Main Ideas

• Lack of stability especially in Pakistan and
  Bangladesh since the countries are still young
• History full of assassinations and coups (short
  for coup d'état overthrow of the government,
  usually by force with support of the military)

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Border problems
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Independent India

• New Constitution gave every citizen the right to
  vote.
• The Indian Constitution declared Untouchability
  illegal. Who might this create a problem for?
  Why?
• Many Indians could not read or write so their
  government used symbols on ballots.

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Jawaharlal Nehru

• Ally of Gandhi and the first Prime Minister of
  India - 1947-1964.
• Created a casteless India.
• Aided millions of Hindu refugees.
• Advocated Industrialization.
• Promoted Green Revolution.
• Mixed Economy.
• Nonalignment Movement leader of non-aligned
  nations not taking sides during the Cold War.
• India did have disputes with Pakistan and China
  during his time of leadership.

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Non-Alignment Movement
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Non-Alignment Movement During the Cold War, as
the countries around the world were aligning
themselves with the Communist or non-Communist
nations, India became a proponent of staying
neutral, or non-aligned.
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Indias mixed economy

• The mix refers to private and public
  ownership.
• India limited foreign investments for fear other
  countries would have to much control in India.
• Urban areas have high-tech companies.
• Three quarters of the population are farmers
  living in small villages.
• India's "Green Revolution" allowed farmers to
  triple their crop by using modern science and
  technology.

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Indias Green Revolution

• Introducing higher-yielding varieties of seeds
  in 1965.
• Increased use of fertilizers irrigation.
• GOAL ? make India self-sufficient in food grains.
• Norman Borlaug American scientist who helped
  bring higher yielding crops to India

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Pakistan the early years

• Led briefly by Muhammad Ali Jinnah (known as
  Quaid-i-Azam or Great Leader) until
• his death from tuberculosis September 11,
  1948.
• Jinnah only told his inner circle how ill he
  was.
• Do you think a leader should reveal such an
  illness in this situation?

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Pakistan the early years

• Reasons he did not reveal the illness-
• Afraid the British would not agree to the
  separation of the subcontinent into India and
  Pakistan indeed Lord Mountbatten, the last
  British Viceroy, later said he would have held
  off on agreeing to the creation of Pakistan until
  Jinnah was gone had he know how ill Jinnah was.
• Did not want his people to panic.

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Pakistan the early years

• Nation struggled in early years without Jinnah.
• Jinnahs second in command, Liaquat Ali Khan,
  assassinated three years later.
• Through the years, Pakistan has had a mix of
  elected leaders and those who seized power by
  using the military.
• Tension over the role of Islam Islamic
  fundamentalism vs. more secular nation
  (separation of religion from government)

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East and West Pakistanwhat do you think went
wrong?

• Make a theory (or theories) about why this
  situation didnt work out and explain.

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Pakistan and Bangladesh

• War that involved India helped East Pakistan
  split apart.
• East separated in 1972 and became Bangladesh.
• What was previously West Pakistan is what we know
  today as Pakistan.

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Bangladesh

• -political history has been filled with coups and
  assassinations-Awami League remains one of the
  major political parties-floods and famines are
  common-a considerably poor country throughout
  most of its history, with jute as its main
  crop-economy has been improving rapidly in the
  21st century and has become more diverse

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India After Nehru
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Indira Gandhi

• Nehrus daughter.
• Prime Minister of India, 1966-1984, with brief
  periods of being voted out of office.
• Continues Nehrus policies.
• Faced corruption charges internal rebellion.
• Assassinated in 1984.

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Indias persecution of the Sikhs
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Sikhs

• Sikh separatists wanted to break away from the
  country.
• Sikhs felt Hindu government did not give them a
  fair amount of resources.
• Indira Gandhi was assassinated by Sikh bodyguards
  who turned on her.

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Rajiv Gandhi

• Indiras son.
• Prime Minister of India, 1984-1989.
• Assassinated in 1991 while campaigning to get
  back into office.

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Manmohan Singh

• May 2004 ? he held up a letter from India's
  president authorizing him to form a new
  government as prime minister.
• He stood next to Sonia Gandhi, the candidate
  for the post who stunned the country when she
  declined the office.

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May 2004 Swearing in of Prime Minister
Singh, the first Sikh in the job. He served for
ten years.
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India v. Pakistan dangerous rivals
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1971 India-Pakistan War
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2. nuclear rivalry
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The India-Pakistan Arms Race Heats up in the late
1990s both sides are nuclear powers
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Right-wing Pakistani Activists Burn Indian Flag
to Protest Indian Nuclear Tests - 1998
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Hot Air Balloon Protesting India Pakistans
nuclear testing - 1998
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2002 Nuclear Statistics
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India Displays Nuclear Missiles During Republic
Day, - 2002
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What title would you give this political cartoon?
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Is this a possibility?
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Is the dream gone?
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1. Jammu Kashmir
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Kashmir

• State of Jammu and Kashmir, usually just referred
  to as Kashmir.
• Area has been disputed since independence.
• There was no clear decision made on which
  villages were on which side of the border.
• One of the most violent places in the world over
  the last fifty years.

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Kashmir Crisis
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Indian Soldiers Near the Pakistani Border - 2001
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A Pakistani Ranger
At the Indian-Pakistani Joint Border Check Post
in Wagha, India - 2001
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Anti-war Protestors in Karachi, Pakistan - 2001
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Kashmiri Militants - 2003
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Major problems Issues in Pakistan today

• Economic development.
• Political instability/military dictatorship.
• Hindu-Muslim tensions.
• Terrorism.
• The Kashmir dispute and nuclear weapons.

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Benazir Bhutto

• First Woman Prime Minister, 1988
• Ousted in 1990, returned, then ousted again in
  1993 on corruption charges.
• Left the country for a time, returned in 2007
  with support to regain power, but was
  assassinated by opponents.

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Benazir Bhutto

• Famous family
• Father, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, had been prime
  minister earlier
• Husband, Asif Ali Zardari, was president for five
  years after her assassination

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Nawaz Sharif

• Current Prime Minister

• Serving his third term in that position
• Had previously been overthrown, accused of
  wrongdoing, and out of the country in exile.

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terrorism
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Gen. Pervez Musharraf

• Coup detat.
• Secular government against Islamic
  fundamentalists.
• U.S. ally in the War on Terror.

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Partners in the War on Terror?
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Musharraf ousted

• Lost support of many people for working with the
  U.S. in its war on terror in neighboring
  Afghanistan.
• Resigned in 2008, living in London, planned to
  return for next election in 2013 but was ruled
  ineligible.
• Recent president Asif Ali Zardari (who was
  married to Benazir Bhutto).
• Key leader Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.

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U.S. / Pakistan Relations Strained

• 2011 U.S. forces kill Osama bin Laden in
  Pakistan

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The Taliban

• Strict Islamic fundamentalist group
• Gained control of Afghanistans government in
  1996
• Instituted Sharia (or Islamic) law
• Ousted from power in Afghanistan in 2001 by US
  forces who attacked the country because al-Qaeda
  bases were there
• Although out of power, group continued to attack
  US troops

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The Taliban

• Spilled over border into Pakistan, gained control
  over local areas there in recent years
• Pakistans military has fought with them
  currently peace talks are planned, but they have
  been attempted before and not agreements have not
  lasted long

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Malala Yousafzai

• Pakistani teenager who movement to raise issue of
  the lack of and restrictions on education for
  girls in her nation
• Outspoken critic of Taliban
• Shot in the head by a Taliban member October 2012
  at age 15
• Miraculous recovery, has become international
  symbol for human rights and basic freedoms
• Has spoken at UN, visited White House, won
  numerous awards and written autobiography

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Mumbai attacks

• The 2000s were a relatively calm period in
  India-Pakistan relations until the Mumbai attacks
  of 2008.
• Twelve attacks occurred in coordination with one
  another, killing 257 people.
• Carried out by terrorist organization believed to
  have ties to Pakistans govt.

http//www.youtube.com/watch?v1RAVcIjegj4
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Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam(Tamil Tigers or
LTTE)

• Organization responsible for assassination of
  Rajiv Gandhi
• Tamils are an ethnic group in southern India and
  Sri Lanka who have long felt overlooked and
  oppressed in both nations, especially in Sri
  Lanka
• Also assassinated president of Sri Lanka in 1993
• Still active organization, Sri Lanka very split
  and unsettled