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Title Author: HKIEd Last modified by: HKIEd Created Date: 3/25/2000 6:37:28 AM Document presentation format – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Tags: sierpinski

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1
?????????
  • ???????????
  • ????????????
  • ???????,???????,????
  • ??????
  • ??????????,?????????????,?????????????

2
  • ????

a
a b lt180o
b
3
???????????
  • ????? L ????? P,??????? L ?????
  • ?

P
L
4
  • ?????????180o
  • ????????????,??????????????,???????????

C
D
B
A
5
????????
  • ????????????,??????,????
  • ????????????,?????????????????????
  • ?300BC?1800AD,??????????????????,?????

6
???????????
  • ??????????????????
  • ??????????????????????

7
???????
  • ?????????????????,????????????

8
  • ?Legendre(17521833)?????? ????????????M????
    ??,?????????

?
M
9
????????
  • ???5???????AB?????P,???????AB???????
  • ????????????
  • (1)? P ?????? AB ??
  • (2)? P ????????? AB ??

10
??? (Saccherri, 16671733)??????
  • ??AC?AB,BD ?AB,ACBD,? ?ACD ?BDC,???????

C
D
B
A
11
????
  • ?????????????,??????????????
  • ????????(Lambert, 17281777)?????????????????????
    ?????????????????????

12
????(Schweikart, 17801859)???
  • ????????????,???????,????????????????180o????????
  • ????????????
  • ?????????????

13
?????????
  • ?????????(Gauss, 17771855)
  • ??????(J. Bolyai, 18021860)
  • ?????????(Lobatchevsky,17931856)
  • ?????(Riemann, 18261866)

14
??(Gauss,17771855)
15
??????(Lobatchevsky,17931856)
16
??(J. Bolyai, 18021860)
17
?????
  • ?1792???????????????????,??????????,???? 360o -
    S????,??S?????????
  • ?1817?????????????????????????
  • ???????????,??????????????????1816??1822??

18
?????
  • ??????F.Bolyai???,13????????,15???????????????
  • 1823??(23?),??????????????,?????????,?????????

19
  • 1826?(24?),???????????????????????????,?????
  • 1832?(30?),????????????????????????????

20
?????????
  • 1792?????????(????)
  • 1808 ?(16?)???????
  • 1811?(19?)??????????
  • 1822?(30?)???,?????????????????????????

21
  • ? 1816????????????,??????? ??????,??????????????
  • ??????????,?????? ?????????????
  • 1826??????????????,? ??????

22
  • ??????????????????????????,???????????,
    ??????????
  • ???????????????? ??,???????
  • ???????(1829)???????????(1840)

23
?????????
  • ????AB?????P,???????? AB ??
  • ????????????

24
?????
  • ???1854?????????????,???????????,????????(??????
    ?)
  • ?????????,?????
  • (a) ??????????????
  • (b) ??????
  • (c) ???????????

25
??(Riemann, 18261866)
26
?????????
????
????
????
27
???????
  • 1915?????(A. Einstein, 18791955)?????????????(Gen
    eral Relativity)
  • ????????????????????,????????????????????

28
?????
  • ????????????????????????
  • ????(????????????????????????????)
  • ???(??????????????????????????????)
  • ????(???????????????)

29
???(Topology)
  • ?????????
  • ??????????????
  • ????????(Point Set Topology)?????(Combinatorial
    Topology)??
  • ?????????????

30
????????(Euler)
31
????????
32
?????????
  • ???????????,????????????

33
??????
  • ???????????????????

34
????????
  • ?????????,?????(V)???(F)???(E)??V F - E 2
  • (??-?????)
  • ??????,????-???????? ? V F - E 2 -
    2g,??g?????????(genus)

35
????(Four Color Problem)
  • ????????????????,?????????????????,????????????
  • 1976?Wolfgang Haken?Kenneth Appel????????????????
  • ??????,?????7???

36
?????(Mobius Strip)
  • ?????????,???????

37
????(Fractal Geometry)
  • ?????????????? (Mandelbrot)?70?????????????,??????
    ????????????
  • ???????,????????????????????,?????????????????????
    ????

38
  • ???????????,??????????????????????????????????????
    ?????,????!

39
?????
  • ????????(self-similarity)
  • ????(dimension)????????

40
??????
  • ????????????????????????,??????L(?) ?
    N(?),??N(?)????????????????????
  • ???0?,L(?)?????????,???????????,??????????????????
    ??!

41
????(Koch Curve)
  • ????????????(Helge von Koch)?1904?????
  • ??Mandelbrot???,????????????????

42
??????????
  • (Step 1)???????????
  • (Step 2)?????????,???????,??????1/3????????????
  • (Step 3)??????,???????????,???????,??????1/9??????
    ???????????,???????????????

43
????
44
???(Cantor Set)
  • ???????????(Cantor)?1883????
  • ????????
  • (Step 1)???????????
  • (Step 2)?????????,?????1/3,????????
  • ???????????????,????????C,??????

45
??????
  • ?????????(Peano)?1890??????????(Peano Curve)
  • ?????(Sierpinski)?1915????????????(Sierpinski
    Triangle)
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