Title: Beyond Third Generation Cellular Networks: The Integration of Internet and Telephony Technology UWashington Distinguished Lecture Series 3 December 1998
1Beyond Third Generation Cellular Networks The
Integration of Internet and Telephony
TechnologyUWashington Distinguished Lecture
Series3 December 1998
- Randy H. Katz
- United Microelectronics Corporation Distinguished
Professor and Chair, EECS Department - University of California, Berkeley
- Berkeley, CA 94720-1776
- randy_at_cs.Berkeley.edu
- http//www.cs.Berkeley.edu/randy
2Presentation Outline
- Market Forces and Technology Trends
- Comparison of Internet and Telephony
- Third Generation Telecommunications Architectures
(and Beyond) - Internet-based Open Services Architecture
- Summary and Conclusions
3Presentation Outline
- Market Forces and Technology Trends
- Comparison of Internet and Telephony
- Third Generation Telecommunications Architectures
(and Beyond) - Internet-based Open Services Architecture
- Summary and Conclusions
4Technology Trends Predications
- Fastest growing segments of telecomms (i)
mobile telephony (ii) Internet/www - (i) (ii) mobile access to information
- Full digitization of the phone network, driven by
digital mobile networks, with a shift towards
universal IP-based core network - Voice over IP is happening rapidly
- Data will be the network traffic majority, voice
( video) the minority - Fastest growing applications will be web-based
transactions, not voice not videoconferencing
5Mobile Telephone Internet Users
Millions
Mobile Telephone Users
Internet Users
Year
Source Ericsson Radio Systems, Inc.
6An International Phenomenon
of main lines that are mobile phones
- By Year 2000
- One in three telephones will be mobile
- Mobility becomes a lifestyle
Source Economist, 4 May 1996
7Hong Kong on the Move
Millions of Telephone Lines
Source Pyramid Research in The Economist, 31 Oct
98
8Shift Toward Digital Mobile Access Network
Millions ofSubscribers
Provides a ubiquitous infrastructure for
wireless data as well as voice
Digital
Analog
Year
Source Ericsson Radio Systems, Inc.
9Shift to Broadband Access
Forecast American Households with Internet
Connections (millions)
Source Forrester Research in The Economist, 7
Nov 98
10Core Network BecomingData-Centered
- The dramatic rise of the Internet and the World
Wide Web gt50 of telecomm traffic in Bay Area is
already data - Conventional circuit-switched PSTN infrastructure
brought to its knees - IP Dialtone
- Single network for wireless access, Internet
access, and voice access - E.g., Sprint ION Integrated On-Demand Network,
MCI/WorldComs On-Net, Qwest Communications, etc.
11Presentation Outline
- Market Forces and Technology Trends
- Comparison of Internet and Telephony
- Third Generation Telecommunications Architectures
(and Beyond) - Internet-based Open Services Architecture
- Summary and Conclusions
12Internet Technology
- Strengths
- Intelligence at the end points No state in the
network - Highly decentralized control
- Enables operation over very heterogeneous
collection of access technologies few
assumptions about the network necessary - Achieves robust communications through packet
switching store-and-forward routing - Depends on cooperative forwarding of packets
- Weaknesses
- No differentiated service
- No control mechanisms for managing bottleneck
links - Store-and-forward routing introduces variable
delay in end-to-end performance - Decentralized control makes introduction of new
protocols/functions difficult since all end nodes
must be upgraded - Lack of truly trusted infrastructure leads to
security problems
13PSTN Technology
- Strengths
- Requires no end-point intelligence supports
heterogeneous end devices - Provides excellent performance for voice
- End-to-end performance guarantees achieved
through well-defined signaling layer to switching
function - True utility functionality through sophisticated
and hierarchically arranged switches controlled
by service providers
- Weaknesses
- Achieves performance by overallocating resources
- 3.4 KHz audio voice band signal converted to 64
kbps digital representation - Switching design determined by statistics of call
traffic - Difficult to add new services to the so-called
Intelligent Network due to complex feature
interaction - Expensive approach to robustness
14ATM The Grand Convergence?
- Strengths
- Virtual circuits with call set-up to manage
scarce resources and achieve QoS guarantees - Fixed/small size cells to enable fast switching
- Sophisticated statistical multiplexing mechanisms
to make possible variety of traffic models - Integrated services
- Weaknesses
- Connection-orientation has some problems with
latency and robust operation every cell must
follow same path in order - ATM unlikely to be a universal end-to-end
technology, especially for data traffic in local
area - Quaranteed performance end-to-end in
heterogeneous environments is lost
15Next Generation Internet
- Support for multipoint-to-multipoint multicast
communications - Support for mobility mobile route optimization
- Reservation-based resource allocation
- Performance promises
- Nice scaling properties
- Soft state in the network allows robust recovery
to failure protocol works around link and switch
failures
- Software-based codecs
- 64 kbps/PCM coding vs. 36 kbps ADPCM, 17 kbps
GSM, 9 kbps LPC - Adequate video at 28.8 to 128 kbps
- Real Time Protocol (RTP)
- Ends adapt audio/video streaming rates to what
the network can support - Easy integration of new services like proxies
- Solve performance problems by adding more
bandwidth
16Internet Telephony
Analog Voice to Packet Data
Packet Data to Analog Voice
Internet
Local Call
Local Call
Gateway
Gateway
SF to Frankfurt via Internet Service 0.28 per
min via ATT Long Distance
1.25 per min
Less expensive infrastructure Circumvents
government-backed monopolies Existing long
distance tariffs far exceed costs WTO worldwide
deregulation
Why so Cheap?
Source G-Cubed
17Internet Telephony
- Quality Issues High Latencies/Dropped Packets
- Deployment of (virtual) private networks
- Faster/scalable hardware reduces gateway latency
- RSVP H.323 Reconstruction of lost packets
Better voice coding at 8 kbps - VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol Forum
- Short term circuit-switched local infrastructure
plus packet-switched wide-area infrastructure - Wide-area b/w is a commodity, local access is not
- Many leading telecomms already doing this
- Longer term migration towards always on
digital broadband data connections
18Presentation Outline
- Market Forces and Technology Trends
- Comparison of Internet and Telephony
- Third Generation Telecommunications Architectures
(and Beyond) - Internet-based Open Services Architecture
- Summary and Conclusions
19Third Generation Architectures
- 1st Gen was analog, 2nd Gen is digital airlink
- FPLMTS/UMTS/IMT-2000
- Universal multimedia information access with
mobility spanning residences, businesses,
public-pedestrian, mobile/vehicular,
national/global - Converged common air interface wideband CDMA
- Beyond the Third Generation
- Convergence on a common core network
- GSM/BISDN/SS7-based vs. IP-based
- Action will be in architectures that support
rapid service deployment - Telecomm-based Intelligent Network (IN, TMN,
TINA) vs. Internet-based Client-Server (HTML,
JAVA, mobile code)
20One View of the Future
- UC Berkeley BARWAN Project Bay Area Research
Wireless Access Network - Diverse Air Interfaces with Seamless Mobility
- Software Agents for Heterogeneity Management
- Universal IP-based Core Network
21Important Trends Re-Visited
- Multimedia/Voice over IP networks
- Lower cost, more flexible packet-switching core
network - Simultaneous delay sensitive and delay
insensitive flows (RSVP, Class-based Queuing,
Link Scheduling) - Intelligence shifts to the network edges
- User-implemented functionality
- Programmable intelligence inside the network
- Proxy servers intermixed with switching
infrastructure - TACC model Java code write once, run
anywhere - Rapid new service development
- Speech-enabled services for mobile users
- Implications for (cellular) network
infrastructure of the 21st century? - High BW data (384 Kb/s-2 Mb/s) Reliable Link
Protocols
22Smart Appliances/Thin Clients
23- Top Gun MediaBoard
- Participates as a reliable multicast client via
proxy in wireline network
- Top Gun Wingman
- Thin presentation layer in PDA with full
rendering engine in wireline proxy
24Starting Point Transcoding Proxies
- Transformation, Aggregation, Caching, and
Customization (TACC) - Scalability and availability
- Limited customizability and locality and no
persistence
25Presentation Outline
- Market Forces and Technology Trends
- Comparison of Internet and Telephony
- Third Generation Telecommunications Architectures
(and Beyond) - Internet-based Open Services Architecture
- Summary and Conclusions
26The Future Internet-basedOpen Services
Architecture
- Today, the telecommunications sector is
beginning to reshape itself, from a vertically to
a horizontally structured industry. It used
to be that new capabilities were driven primarily
by the carriers. Now, they are beginning to be
driven by the users. Theres a universe of
people out there who have a much better idea than
we do of what key applications are, so why not
give those folks the opportunity to realize them.
The smarts have to be buried in the
middleware of the network, but that is going to
change as more-capable user equipment is
distributed throughout the network. When it does,
the economics of this industry may also change. - George Heilmeier, Chairman Emeritus, Bellcore
- From POTS to PANS Telecommunications in
Transition
27The Network Infrastructure of the Future
- The Challenge
- Developing service intensive, network-based,
real-time applications - Securely embedding computational resources in the
switching fabric - Providing an open, extensible network
environment heterogeneity - Computing
- Encapsulating legacy servers partitioning
thin client functionality - Scalability 100,000s of simultaneous users in
the SF Bay Area - High BW IP backbones diverse access networks
- Different coverage, bandwidth, latency, and cost
characteristics - Third generation cellular systems UMTS/IMT2000
- Next gen WLANs (Bluetooth) broadband access
nets (DSL/cable) - Diverse appliances beyond the handset or PC
- Communicator devices plus servers in the
infrastructure
28(No Transcript)
29Internet-Scale Systems
- Extremely large, complex, distributed,
heterogeneous, with continuous and rapid
introduction of new technologies - Feasible architectures
- Decentralized, scalable algorithms
- Dynamically deployed agents where they are
neededBig infrastructure, small clients - Incremental processing/communications growth
- Careful violation of traditional layering
- Implementation approach based on incremental
prototyping, deployment, evaluation,
experimentation
30Imagine ...
31Vision Goal
- Next Internet revolution will come from enabling
component services and pervasive access - Not vertically integrated Information Technology
- Dynamic, programmatic creation/composition of
scalable, highly available customizable
services - Automatic adaptation to end device
characteristics and network connectivity - Arbitrarily powerful services on arbitrarily
small clients using a proactive infrastructure
32NINJA Capabilities
- Plug and play wide-area software components
- Automatic discovery, composition, and use
- Powerful operators
- Clusters, databases, and agents
- Viable component economics
- Subscription, pay per use
- Supports diverse devices, sensors, actuators
- Connects everything
- Ubiquitous support for access and mobility
33ProActive Infrastructure
- Create a framework that enables programmatic
generation and composition of services from
strongly typed reusable components - Key Elements
- Structured architecture with a careful
partitioning of state - Bases, Active Routers, and Units
- Wide-area paths formed out of strongly-typed
components - Operators and Connectors
- Execution environments with efficient, but
powerful communication primitives - Active Messages capsules
- TACC persistence customization
34Structured Architecture
35NINJA Operator, Connector, and Path Model
- Operators
- transformation
- aggregation
- agents
- Connectors
- abstract wires
- ADUs
- varying semantics
- uni/multicast
- Interfaces
- strongly typed
- language independent
- set of AM handlers
- Leverage all COM objects
36iSpace Execution Environment
operator upload
Service request
New service
service threads
PersistentStorage
iS-Loader
Trusted-Services
Managed RMI
Security MGR
Physical processor
JVM
Operators
Caches
- Parallel application framework on Bases
- NINJA RMI, Customizable Service VM (iS-Box),
Redirector - JVM Security Manager Trusted Services to
provide sandboxed environment - Multispace services across iS-Boxes
37ICEBERG Capabilities
- Cellular/IP Interworking
- IP network provisioning for scalability
- Soft QoS for delay-sensitive flows
- Multinetwork mobility and security support
- Telephony Service Architecture on NINJA
- Computing resources among switching
infrastructure - Computationally intensive services e.g.,
voice-to-text - Service and server discovery
- Security, authentication, and billing
38Cellular/IP Interworking
- GSM BTS interfaced to IP core network
- Mapping IP signaling to SS7 radio management
- Call admission and handoff
- Mobility management interworking
- Mobile IP home agent/foreign agent GSM HLR/VLR
- Handoff between Mobile IP and GSM networks
- Scalability, security of Mobile IP
- Generalized redirection agents
- User- or service-specified dynamic policy-based
redirection - 1-800 service, email to pagers, etc.
- Service mobility as a first class object
39Potentially Any Network Service
- On Mobile Phone, enter your office
- Redirect in progress call to your desktop
telephone via PSTN OR to Voice over IP gateway - Same service in different networks handoff the
service between networks (service mobility)
40Service Mobility as aFirst-Class Object
Universal Names Globally unique IDs
Randy_at_Berkeley
OfficePSTN (Teaching) 510-642-8778 OfficePSTN
(Chair) 510-642-0253 DeskIP dreadnaught.cs.berke
ley.edu555 LaptopIP polo.cs.berkeley.edu555 PCS
510-555-8778 Cellular 510-555-1998 E-mail
randy_at_cs.berkeley.edu Home 415-555-5555
An Entity has a universal name and a profile
Entities are people or processes
Profile set of domain-specific names
41IDNP Servers
Iceberg Access Point (One per network) Policy
Engine, Routing, Security
IAP
Call(Randy_at_Berkeley, Callers network,
Interactive, CallerID certificate)
Iceberg Domain Name Policy Servers
IDNP Server
weeks/months
Profile
Policy
If IAPs cant be embedded in networks, then
resides in IP core
days/weeks
System State
Stored in Bases
IDNP Server
minutes/hours
42Telephony Service Architecture
- Rapid Service Deployment
- Packet voice for computer-telephony integration
- Speech- and location-enabled applications
- Complete interoperation of speech, text,
fax/image - Mobility and generalized routing redirection
- New Services for Innovative Apps
- Encapsulating complex data transformation, e.g.,
speech-to-text, text-to-speech - Composition of services, e.g., Voice
mail-to-email, email-to-voice mail - Location-aware information services, e.g.,
traffic reports - Multicast-enabled information services
43Transparent Information Access
Speech-to-Text Speech-to-Voice Attached-Email Call
-to-Pager/Email Notification Email-to-Speech All
compositions of the above!
Policy-based Location-based Activity-based
44Implementing Applications via Path Optimization
- Voice Control of A/V devices in a Smart Room
- Multistage processing transformation
- Strongly typed connectors
- Automated path generation
- Service discovery storage
45Experimental Testbed
Fax
IBM WorkPad
Image/OCR
Text
Speech
MC-16
Ericsson
CF788
Motorola Pagewriter 2000
WLAN
Pager
306 Soda
405 Soda
326 Soda Colab
GSM BTS
Network Infrastructure
Millennium Cluster
Smart Spaces Personal Information Management
Millennium Cluster
46Emerging Distributed System Architecture Spanning
Processing and Access
Personal Information Management and Smart Spaces
Speech and Location Aware Applications
Distributed Videoconferencing Room-scale Collabo
ration
ICEBERG Computer-Telephony Services
TranSend Extensible Proxy Services
MASH Media Processing Services
Active Services Architecture
Distributed Computing Services NINJA
Computing and Communications Platform Millennium
Co-Pis Brewer, Culler, Joseph, Katz, McCanne
47Experiment PDA Bazaar
- Deploy/use pervasive computing infrastructure in
Soda Hall - Provide NINJA iSpaces
- Build an initial community(200
PalmPilotIII/Workpads) - Watch and evaluate
- Information broadcast channels
- Seminars, lecture content
- News/sports/stocks
- Shared information
- Calendars, room reservations
- Collaborative note-taking and brainstornming
- Smart spaces and device control
48Presentation Outline
- Market Forces and Technology Trends
- Comparison of Internet and Telephony
- Third Generation Telecommunications Architectures
(and Beyond) - Internet-based Open Services Architecture
- Summary and Conclusions
49Summary and Conclusions
- Common network core optimized for data, based on
IP, enabling packetized voice, supporting
user/terminal/service mobility - Major challenge open, composable services
architecture--the wide-area operating system of
the 21st Century - Beyond the desktop PC information appliances
supported by infrastructure services - Our approach NINJA Platform
- Infrastructure Units, Active Proxies, Bases
- Services Operators, Typed Connectors, Paths
- IVR applications/speech recognition as a service
- Next application Universal In-Box