The data from 1920 and before are taken from Michell (1935), data between 1920 and 1928 are from Statistical Abstracts of the U.S. and the subsequent data are from NASS yearly reports. The three data series do not refer to the exact same goods or use

1
The data from 1920 and before are taken from
Michell (1935), data between 1920 and 1928 are
from Statistical Abstracts of the U.S. and the
subsequent data are from NASS yearly reports.
The three data series do not refer to the exact
same goods or use the same sampling methodology,
but no one identical data series covers the
entire time period.
2

• Figure ?.1. The Five Freedoms Farm animals
  should be provided with
• freedom from thirst, hunger, or malnutrition
• appropriate comfort and shelter
• prevention, or rapid diagnosis and treatment, of
  injury and disease
• freedom to display most normal patterns of
  behaviour
• freedom from fear

3
Figure ?.2. Cage (left) Versus Cage-Free (right)
Eggs
4

Figure ?.3. Does Profitability Ensure High
Welfare? Many witnesses have represented to us
that the growth rate of an animal for meat or the
egg production of a laying hen are the only
reliable objective measures of their welfare. It
is claimed that animal suffering of any kind is
reflected by a corresponding fall in
productivity. The argument is that in the
absence of any scientific method of evaluating
whether an animal is suffering, its continued
productivity should be taken as decisive evidence
that it is not. This is an oversimplified and
incomplete view and we reject it. Source
Brambell Report, 1965, pages 10-11, bold font
added.
5
Figure ?.4. Hen Space Needs Versus Space
Provisions in Cage Systems
6
Figure ?.5. Increasing Bird Space Allotment From
48 To 67 Square Inches Enhances Bird Welfare
7
Figure ?.6. A 67 Square Inch Per Bird Cage Meets
Some Space Needs But Not Others
While the 67 sq. in. allotment provides adequate
space for standing, but
birds need 303 sq. in. to flap their wings
comfortably. If all four birds tried to flap
their wings simultaneously, these birds would
have to do so within the confines of the blue box
(the blue box is 22 the size of the four birds
(67/303 0.22).
8
Figure ?.7. Traditional Veal Stall System (left)
Versus Newer Group Pen System (right) Left
picture was made available by Farm Sanctuary, and
right picture by the American Veal Association.
9
Figure ?.8. Importance of Livestock Production
Practices as Perceived by U.S. Consumers
Production Practices Refers to Farm Animal Importance Score (higher score indicates greater importance)
Receiving ample food and water 38.43
Receiving treatment for injury and disease 29.05
Being allowed to exhibit normal behaviors 8.01
Being allowed to exercise outdoors 7.95
Protected from harm by other animals 5.90
Provided shelter at a comfortable temperature 4.43
Allowed to socialize with other animals 2.76
Raised in a way to keep prices low 1.75
Provided Comfortable Bedding 1.72
Source Prickett, Norwood, and Lusk, 2008.
10
Figure ?.9. Farrowing Using Individual Huts In
Pasture
I own these pictures
11
Figure ?.10. 1934 Hog Farm (left) Contemporary
Non-Confinement Hog Facility (right)
Left picture is in public domain at
http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FilePigPenacp.j
pg and I own right picture
12
Gestation Crate
Gestation Group Pen
Farrowing Crate
Finishing Floor
Figure ?.11. Modern Hog Confinement Facility
(Factory Farm)
I own all these pictures
13
Figure ?.12. The Factory Hog Farm Today Compared
to a Stylized Old-Style Farm System
Hog Type Stylized Hog Production System 1900-1950 Stylized Hog Production System Today
Nursing Sow 49 sq. ft. per sow housing Outdoor access Straw for bedding Some pasture 14 sq. ft. per sow housing No outdoor access Concrete floor No pasture
Gestating Sow 49 sq. ft. per sow housing Outdoor access Straw for bedding Some pasture 14-24 sq. ft. per sow housing No outdoor access Concrete floor No pasture
Growing Pig 32 sq. ft. per pig housing Outdoor access Straw for bedding Some pasture 8 sq. ft. per pig housing No outdoor access Concrete floor No pasture
14
Figure ?.13. Scientific Assessment of the Modern
Factory Hog Farm Across Four Studies
Notes The system circled refers to the modern
factory hog farm, and the other farm systems are
alternatives to the factory hog farm. The y-axis
denotes the welfare of pregnant sows in each
system, where a higher value denotes a happier
hog. Source Bracke et al., 2002.
15
Farrowing Stage
Gestation Stage
Finishing Stage
Confinement-Stall System (factory farm)
Confinement-Pen System (factory farm)
Confinement-Enhanced System
Pasture-Shelter System
Figure ?.14. Illustration of Four Hog Farm System
16
Figure?.15. Welfare and Costs of Four Hog Farm
System
Animal Welfare Factor Confinement-Stall (factory farm) Confinement-Pen (factory farm) Confinement-Enhanced Shelter-Pasture
Level of Provision of Each Factor (each factor is assumed good for animal well-being)a Level of Provision of Each Factor (each factor is assumed good for animal well-being)a Level of Provision of Each Factor (each factor is assumed good for animal well-being)a Level of Provision of Each Factor (each factor is assumed good for animal well-being)a
Access to food, water, and health care high high high high
Space per animal very low low high very high
Protection from injury sows very high nursing pigs very high growing pigs low sows very low nursing pigs very high growing pigs low sows medium - high nursing pigs medium growing pigs high sows very high nursing pigs very low growing pigs very high
Outdoor access none none very low-medium very high
Foraging and rooting materials none none medium very high
Ability to express normal husbandry behaviors very low very low medium-very high very high
No physical alterations (e.g. tail docking) very low very low medium-high very high
Survival rate of nursing piglets very high very high medium-high very low-medium
Subjective Overall Welfare Assessmentb very low-low very low-low medium-very high very high
Cost per lb of finished hog (at 3.00 corn) 0.45 0.48-0.49 0.53-0.65 0.53-0.55
a The rating can receive a score of very low,
low, medium, high, or very high. Some farms
receive a range of scores to reflect the
heterogeneity within that farm type. b Based on
the authors judgment, as informed by the
scientific literature.
17
Figure?.16. Illustration of Egg Production Systems
Cage System 67 sq. in. per bird (76 sq. in. for
brown birds), barren cage, small group size
Barn System 324 sq. in. per bird floor space,
perches, litter, sawdust, nests, large group size
(with or without free-range)
Aviary System 144 sq. in. floor space per hen,
324 sq. in. floor tier space per hen, litter,
sawdust, nests, multiple tiers, large group
size (with or without free-range)
Enriched Cage System 117 sq. in. per bird,
barren cage, small group size
18
Figure ?.17. White Leghorn (left) hens are
typically used in cage systems, while brown birds
like the Rhode Island Red (below) are typically
used in cage-free systems.
19
Figure ?.18. Editorial From a Farmer Criticizing
Free-Range Systems Dear Editor The chickens of
California are the latest victims of Paul Shapiro
and the Humane Society of the United States
Factory Farming Campaign. It is cruel to subject
chickens to the less humane and substandard
conditions the so-called animal rights people
want. Hens die two to three times as fast under
the cage-free conditions championed by the
so-called animal rights people. This is a proven
fact, and gathered data show this. What looks
good to humans does not work as well for
chickens. Safety pens (cages) protect hens from
killing one another, eating their own feces, big
temperature changes and diseases caused by lack
of protection other systems fail to provide. We
quit using the systems wanted by the so-called
animal rights people when we found that cages
worked better for the hens. This was 40-50 years
ago. We recently tried these systems again, and
they still dont work as well for hens. Only
those who are clueless, those who have been lied
to or those who are misguided about hen welfare
want to ban cages. Knowledgeable and caring
people want to keep hens in cages until a better
system is found, because having hens in cages is
the right thing to do for the chickens. Anthony
Rust Executive Vice President Rose Acre
Farms Printed in Feedstuffs on January 12, 2008.
It is important to note that this farmer raises
eggs in both cage and cage-free systems.
20

Figure ?.19. Mortality Rates Across Housing
Systems in the U.S.
Mortality Rates Among Egg Laying Hens
Cage System 3
Cage-Free System 7
Free-Range System 9
Organic System 13
Source personal conversations with poultry
experts and a variety of publications.
21
Figure ?. Photos of Chicken Coops In 1939.
Both coops were probably used for egg and meat
production.
Photos under public domain and available at
http//memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?fsaall19./
temp/ammem_BqK8 and http//memory.loc.gov/cgi-
bin/query/D?fsaall4./temp/ammem_BqK8
22
Figure ?. The Modern Broiler Factory Farm
Both photos taken by Bailey
23
Figure ?. Pastured Broiler Production
Pictures of a pastured chicken operation. The
broilers are afforded 1.26 square feet per bird,
constant food and water, the shelter seen above,
and a fulltime sheep dog standing guard. The
shelter is periodically moved to fresh grass.
Pasture production does not take place in winter
in some areas.
24
Figure ?. Veal Calves in Stalls Picture made
available by Farm Sanctuary (left) and Compassion
in World Farming (middle right).
Figure ?. Veal Calves in Group Housing Pictures
made available by the American Veal Association
25
Figure ?. Dairy Farm Pictures Picture on bottom
right taken by Vaarok at Wikimedia Commons.
http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FileHerdim.JPG
26
Figure ?. Cow-Calf Pair, Stocker Calves on
Wheat, and Feedlot
27

Figure ?. Disease and Cannibalism Across Egg
Housing Types
Number of Swedish Flocks Experiencing Rise in Mortality Rates (2001-2004) Percent of Flocks With Significant Bacterial Diseases Percent of Flocks Experiencing Cannibalism
From Swedish flocks that experienced a rise in mortality rates From Swedish flocks that experienced a rise in mortality rates
Cage System 20 65 5
Cage-Free System 129 73 19
Free-Range System 23 74 26
Source Lundeen, Tim, 2009