Historical Perspectives of Research Animal Protection

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Historical Perspectives of Research Animal
Protection

• Dr. Susan Wilson-Sanders

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Participants in the Process

• Laboratory Animal Scientists
• Animal Care Panel
• AALAS
• AAALAC
• ILAR
• Public
• Animal-centric organizations
• Health care consumers
• Research community
• Government
• Congress
• USDA
• HHS PHS (NIH, FDA)

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Laboratory Animal Scientists Five Founding
Fathers

• Dr. Robert J. Schroeder
• Dr. Nathan R. Brewer
• Dr. Elihu Bond
• Dr. Robert J. Flynn
• Dr. Bennet J. Cohen

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Timeline Continued

• 1967 Name of the ACP changes to the
  American Association for laboratory Animal
  Science (AALAS)

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The Public Changing Attitudes
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Animal-centric organizations
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Publics Involvement

• 1962 Silent Spring, by Rachel Carson
• 1966 LIFE magazine and Sports Ill
  articles
• 1969 Greenpeace founded
• 1975 Animal Liberation, by Peter Singer
• 1982 The Silver Spring Monkeys
• 1983 University of Pennsylvania head
  injury studies

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Sports Illustrated Article
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Life Magazine
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Life Magazine
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RESEARCH INVOLVEMENT

• ACADEMIC FREEDOM

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Government Involvement

• 1962 NIH Contract First Guide
• 1966 Laboratory Animal Welfare Act (1970,
  1976, 1985, 1990)
• 1971 NIH Policy
• 1973 Public Health Service Policy (1979)
• 1985 PHS Act (Health Research Extension)

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1966 Laboratory Animal Welfare Act

• Preventing theft of dogs and cats
• Registration limited facilities with dogs/cats
• Holding areas only
• Only records of acquisition required
• Developed 8 areas of minimum standards

• Housing
• Feeding
• Watering
• Sanitation

• Shelter
• Separation of Species
• Ventilation
• Adequate Vet Care

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1970 Animal Welfare Act

• LAWA changed to AWA
• Extension into the laboratory
• Report number of animals by pain categories
• Require appropriate use of anesthetics
• Included standards for animal transport
• Include all warm blooded except those excluded by
  the Sec of Ag

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• T
• R
• A
• N
• S
• P
• O
• R
• T

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1985 Animal Welfare Act Amendments

• Establishment of IACUC
• Assign responsibility to Institutional Official
• Review of protocols
• Semiannual program review inspection
• Search for alternatives to painful procedures
• Personnel qualifications
• Environmental enrichment for NHPs
• Exercise for dogs

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Animal Welfare Act

• Applies to any live or dead warm-blooded animal
  which is being used, or is intended for used for
  research, teaching, testing, experimentation, or
  exhibition purposes, or as a pet.

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Definition of Animals

• Includes
• Wilds mammals used in field research and
  laboratory research
• Farm mammals used in biomedical research

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Act Applies To

• Horseshows (particularly Gaited, prevention of
  soreing.
• Dog/cat breeders with more than three breeding
  bitches or queens.

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Definition Excludes

• Production farm animals
• Laboratory rats and mice
• Birds, bred for or used in research (new in 2004)

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Animal Welfare Act

• The Act is administered by the U. S. Department
  of Agriculture. At least once a year,
  unannounced inspections of all registered
  facilities are conducted by USDA veterinarians.
  These inspectors have the authority to review all
  housing areas, laboratories and offices where
  animals or records pertaining to animals are kept.

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Animal Welfare Act

• Fines and penalties are levied for violating the
  act

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AWA

• Establishes the Institutional Animal Care and Use
  Committee (IACUC) as the internal regulatory
  authority for each Research Facility

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1971 NIH Policy

• Institution had to have Assurance
• AAALAC
• Local Committee
• Annual Inspections
• Compliance with AWA
• Follow Guide

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1985 PHS Policy

• Health Research Extension Act
• More detailed Assurance
• IO ultimately responsible
• CEO appoints IACUC members
• Minimum of 5 IACUC members
• DVM program authority
• Once practicing scientist
• One community member
• Protocol Review
• Semiannual reports of program review
• Detailed training program description

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Public Health Service Policy

• The Public Health Service Policy on the Care and
  Use of Laboratory Animals is a Congressionally
  mandated Act in the same way the AWA is, but
  applies only to vertebrate animals used in PHS
  funded research. Such research includes that
  performed by the National Institutes of Health
  (NIH), National Cancer Institute (NCI) and other
  branches of the PHS.

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PHS Policy

• Under the PHS Policy farm animals, birds,
  laboratory rodents, fish, amphibians, and
  reptiles, as well as all other vertebrates, would
  be covered, as long as the study was funded by
  PHS.

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PHS Policy

• In 1966, a panel of experts commissioned by the
  PHS wrote the Guide for the Care and Use of
  Laboratory Animals, which has become the primary
  reference in the United States for animal care
  and use programs.

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PHS Policy

• The Policy addresses concerns for the welfare of
  PEOPLE, as well as animals.
• Requirement that each Institution have an
  Occupational Health Program to protect humans
  against animal hazards.

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PHS Policy

• No routine inspections however, NIH inspects
  several institutions per year checking for
  compliance with the Guide and Policy
• Major violations? Loss of all PHS funding to the
  institution

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PHS Policy

• Requires each institution have an IACUC, which is
  the local authority over the animal care and use
  program

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Animals at the UA

• ALL VERTEBRATES animals, regardless of use are
  covered.

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Other Federal Laws Affecting Animal Research

• Good Laboratory Practices ActRequires to meet
  standards of PHS Policy and AWA
• Animal Enterprise Protection Act
• Controlled Substances Act
• Patriot Act

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Federal and State Wildlife Protection Laws
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Non-Regulatory Policies Affecting Research
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Association for Assessment and Accreditation of
Laboratory Care International
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AAALAC

• Considered the Gold Standard for animal care
• AAALAC uses AWA, PHS and other sources as guides
• Applies to all animals used by the institution

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AVMA Panel on Euthanasia
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