?????????????

1
???????????????????????

• ?????????????
• Ethnology
• Anthropology
• Sociology
• Historiography
• Cultural Studies

2
Marion Lundy Dobbert, Ethnographic Research
Theory and application for Modern Schools and
Societies. New York Praeger Publishers, 1982.
pp.5-11.

• Characteristics of Anthropological Researches

3

• ????????????????????
• ?????????????
• National Geographic or Discovery?
• ???????????????
• ?????????????
• ??????
• ?

4

• Anthropologists travel to the location of the
  people that they wish to study
• Anthropologists entire person is used as the
  primary instrument of research
• Continual cross-cultural frame of reference
• Set the parameters for anthropologists job
• Use of the natural history approach.
• - Like Charles Darwin, ecology, geology and
• Paleoanthropology

5
? The Past, History and Historiograph?
-???????????????????

• 1. ???(ethnohistory)
• 2. ?????(historical anthropology)
• 3. ?????(historical ethnography)
• ? ????
• ???,lt???????????????????gt,????,?????
  ?,
• ??????????,?91,?295-334?
• ???,lt??????????????????gt,?????????,?59?(2003
• ?11?),?11-29?
• Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney ed., Culture Through Time
  Anthropological Approaches. Stanford Stanford
• University Press, 1990. pp. 1-25.
• Introduction The Historicization of
  Anthropology by Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney

6
???(1868-1940)lt????gt

• ????????????????????????

7
?? ?? ?????????

• ????(stereotype)
• ?
• ? ?(bias?prejudice)
• ?
• ? ?(discrimination)

8
?????????,????

• ?????????
• ??????????????????
• ??????????????????????????
• ????????????????
• ?????????????????????
• ??????????????????????
• ????????????????????
• ?

9

• Anthropologists travel to the location of the
  people that they
• wish to study
• ? ????????
• being there(????)
• waddling in(????)

10
Clifford Geertz 1926-2006
11

• A. ??C. Geertz??
• ?????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????(??)???????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  
• - Clifford Geertz,
• Works and Lives The Anthropologists as
  Author.
• Stanford Stanford University Press,
  1998. pp. 23-24.

12

• B ????
• 1. ?????????????????????????????,
  ????????????????????????????????,?????,???????????
  ?????(heterogeneity)????????,????????????????(homo
  geneity)????

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2. ???????

• (1)?????????????-???????
• (2)?????????????????????
• ??????????????????????
• ???????
• (3)?????????????????????
• ?????????????????????
• (4)??????????????

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• 2. Anthropologists entire
• person is used as the
• primary instrument of
• research

15
???????????????????

• subjectivity (???)
• objectivity (???)
• homogeneity (???)
• heterogeneity(???)

16

• ???/?????????? (paradigm in field work)
• -???????????????
• ????????????

17

• ?????/????(??????)
• ?????/????
• ???????????????/???
• ????????????????
• ?????/?????????????
• ???????????????
• ???????????????

18
??????(Orientalism)????????

• Edward Said
• ????????????
• ??????????????????(Out of Places)

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Edward W. Said (1935-2003)

• Covering Islam
• ???????????????????

20

• b. ??????????
• -??????????????????

21
??????????????

• 1. ????????????
• 2. ?????????????
• 3. ????????????
• 4. ????????????

22
??????????????

• 1. ??????????????????
• 2. ??????????????????
• ??
• 3. ??????????????????
• 4. ??????????????????
• ???

23

• ?????????????????????????
• ??

24

• 1. ?????
• James Clifford and George E. Marcus ed.,
• Writing Culture The Poetics and Politics of
  Ethnography
• Berkeley University of California Press, 1986.

25

• ??(text?discourse?narrative)?????
• ?????(Poetics)???-
• ??(writing?literary)????????
• ???????????????????????????(making)???
• ?????(Politics)???-
• Ethnography is actively situated between
• powerful systems of meaning
• -by James Clifford

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• ?????
• (??????,interdisciplinary training)
• ????????(??,discipline)???????????
• ?????????(historicization of Anthropology)??????
  ???(anthropologization of history)??
• ????????????????

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• 2. ?????
• Martyn Hammersley,
• Whats Wrong with Ethnography?
• London Routledge, 1992.
• ? The Politics of Social Research
• (1995)
• ???????(Social Reality)???(representation)???(con
  struction)?
• ????????????????????
• ??(Qualitative)???(Quantitative)????????

28

• Chapter 4
• By What Criteria should Ethnographic
  Research be Judged?
• ???????????(framework)??????
• 1. A generic conceptual framework
• 2. A novel framework of concepts
• 3. An elaborated framework of concepts
• 4. An eventful framework
• 5. A framework interpenetrated with the
• empirical materials
• ???????(validity)
• Ex. ??(plausibility)???(credibility)
• ???????(relevant)
• Ex. ??????(importance of topics)????????
• (contribution to the literature)

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• ? ????????????
• ?????????
• 1. ?????????????,????????(participant
  observation)?????(text)??????????,????????????????
  ??
• 2. ????????????????????????
• ????????(???),??????????????,?
• ?????????????????????????,????
• ??????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????
• ???????
• 3. ???????????????-??-??-????????,????????????????
  ????????????