Body Systems

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Body Systems

• Marine Biology

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Digestive System
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Nutrition

• Nutrients materials needed by living things for
  energy and synthesis.
• Organic Inorganic
• from living things non-living
• Autotrophic able to make its own food
• vs.
• Heterotrophic must get food from the
  environment
• Digestion breakdown of complex compounds into
• smaller, simpler compounds (polymers to
  monomers)

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Adaptations for Digestion

• Protists
• simple diffusion
• Hydra gastrovascular cavity
• Worms digestive tube
• Insects tube with folds
• (gastric caeca)

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Human Digestion

• Alimentary Canal Accessory Organs
• Mouth 1. tongue
• Pharynx 2. salivary glands
• Esophagus 3. liver
• Stomach 4. pancreas
• Small intestine 5. gall bladder
• Large intestine
• Rectum
• Anus

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Process of Digestion

• Mouth a. mechanical digestion chewing
• b. chemical digestion salivary enzymes
• begin carb digestion
• Pharynx pharynx-throat with
• tonsils and larynx
• Esophagus Esophagus- tube connecting mouth
  to stomach
• peristalsis the rhythmic muscular
  contractions that help push food throughout
  the digestive system
• Epiglottis- flap covering trachea to prevent
  choking

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Stomach

• A. mechanical digestion peristalsis is churning
  food
• B. chemical digestion acid and enzymes
• 1. glands secrete a. mucus protects stomach
  lining
• b. acid -
  hydrochloric (kills bacteria)
• c. enzymes
  pepsin begins protein
• digestion
• Growling peristalsis can occur
• in an empty stomach, a
• signal to the body to
• eat something

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Small Intestine

• A. Most chemical digestion takes place here.
• B. Absorbed in the small intestine a. simple
  sugars
• digested by b. fatty acids
• carbohydrases, lipases c. amino acids
• proteases and nucleases d. nucleotides
• C. The lining of the small intestine
• is covered with folds containing
• millions of tiny fingerlike projections
• called VILLI. This greatly increases
• the surface area for absorption.

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Villi increase surface area
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Accessory Organs

• Along with intestinal juices secreted by the
  walls of the small intestine, other organs aid in
  chemical digestion
• The liver produces bile which emulsifies
• fats and oils
• 2. The gall bladder
• stores bile until it is
• needed in the small
• intestine.
• The pancreas
• produces enzymes
• needed for digestion
• in the small intestine.

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Large Intestine (colon)

• A. Appendix vestigal? Or preserving good
  bacteria?
• Functions of the Large Intestine
• 1. Absorbs Water
• 2. Home for good bacteria that produce vitamin
  K
• 3. Form stool (undigested food) for elimination
• Rectum - stores and
• compacts feces
• Anus end opening of
• the alimentary canal

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Transport

• Heart and blood vessels

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The Circulatory System

• 1. The circulatory system is composed of the
  heart and its associated blood vessels.
• 2. The heart is a muscular pump about the size of
  your fist.
• 3. The heart pumps blood throughout the body at a
  rate of 5 liters/min.
• 4. Blood vessels of the circulatory system
  include
• a. Arteries - carry blood away from the
  heart-Rich in Oxygen
• b. Veins carry blood back to the heart-Poor
  in Oxygen
• c. Capillaries micro-vessels between a b
• 5. Blood carries oxygen, hormones and nutrients
  to all the cells of the body. It carries carbon
  dioxide and wastes away from the cells.
• 6. Blood helps to regulate body temperature. It
  may be concentrated where it is needed most under
  stressful conditions.
• Ex. In a cold environment, blood will leave
  your extremities (arms and legs) to keep your
  vital organs (brain, lungs, heart) warm.

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Human Heart

• Heart Rate
• To measure how fast your heart beats you take
  your pulse. You can feel the increased pressure
  in your blood vessel as your heart pumps.
• EKG a medical test that measures the electric
  signals that stimulate your heart to beat.
• Pacemaker a medical device that sends a signal
  to stimulate a more regular heartbeat.

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Heart and Circulation

• The heart has 4 chambers,
• 2 atria and 2 ventricles
• It pumps blood to the lungs to get oxygen
• It pumps blood to the body cells to give Oxygen,
  nutrients, and hormones
• It is composed of cardiac muscle

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Blood Functions

• 1.Transport
• Nutrients-
• food for cells Gases-
• O2 in and
• CO2 out
• Hormones- adrenaline and testosterone

2. Temperature Warming body heat circulates
around (shiver) Cooling blood at surface
cools off (sweat) Maintains pH keeps a
balance of pH7
3. Protection Clotting stops the
bleeding Immunity fights off foreign invaders
like viruses and bacteria (Pathogens)
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Blood Cell Types

• Red blood cells carry O2 to all cells, has
  hemoglobin to help carry O2. Disc shaped
• White blood cells engulf bacteria, attack
  invaders, produce antibodies-all to fight
  infection
• Platelets clotting to prevent blood loss
• Are transported in a watery fluid called blood
• PLASMA-90 is water other parts are
  nutrients,wastes

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Human Respiratory System

• Nasal passages
• Pharynx/larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Lungs
• Diaphragm

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Respiration

• Cellular Respiration cells need energy to do
  work. It is produced by the mitochondria in the
  form of ATP

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Mechanical Respiration

• Respiratory System
• Alveoli air sacs that make up the lung tissue.
  They are the site for gas exchange.

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Lungs
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Lung Diseases

• Asthma spasms of the bronchi which cause
  breathing difficulty often due to allergies
• Bronchitis inflamation of the bronchi
• Pneumonia viral or bacterial lung infection
• Emphysema chronic pulmonary dysfunction often
  caused by smoking
• Lung Cancer uncontrolled growth of lungs cells
  often caused by years of smoking

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Breathing
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Human Respiratory System

• Nose
• Filters
• Warms the air
• Nasal Chamber
• Warms the air
• Epiglottis
• Flap that covers trachea
• Prevents choking
• Trachea
• Lined with cilia to filter the air

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• Bronchi
• 2 of them-lined with cilia to filter air
• Bronchioles
• Thinner tubes off of the bronchi
• Lung
• Filled with alveoli- air sacs
• Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli
• 300 million alveoli
• Diaphragm
• Muscle at the bottom of the lungs
• Inhale-diaphragm pulls down
• Exhale-diaphragm moves up

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• Capillary-
• Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange with the
  Alveoli
• Alveoli-
• Grape like sacs in lungs where gases get
  exchanged

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Skeletal Muscular System
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Bones

• Dense, hard connective tissue consisting of
  living cells that produce
• Hard calcium deposits
• Blood cells
• Give support and structure and levers for
  movement with muscle attachment

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Cartilage

• Flexible connective tissue found in the embryo
  skeleton before hardening into bones.
• Found in adults at the joints, ribcage, ears and
  nose

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Muscle Types

• Skeletal striated, voluntary, used for
  movement.
• Smooth non-striated, involuntary, found lining
  the digestive tube
• Cardiac striated, involuntary, does not fatigue

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Muscles and Bones

• Connected by
• Tendons connects muscles to bones can
  withstand tension but still flexible
• Ligaments strong,
• fibrous tissue that
• connects bones to
• other bones

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Muscle Pairs

• Muscles cannot contract so they develop in pairs
  called
• FLEXORS
• ex. Biceps
• EXTENSORS
• ex. Triceps

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Immunity- the bodies ability to fight off disease
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Immunity

• Disease is the failure of Homeostasis Causes of
  disease
• 1. Pathogens disease causing agent.
• a . Virus -needs a host to survive. Does not
  have all the organelles to survive on its own.
• b. Bacteria
• c . Fungus

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• 2. Inheritance
• 3. Toxic substances- chemicals
• 4. Poor diet
• 5. Organ malfunction
• 6. Personal behavior
• 7. Radiation

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• Antigen- any substance capable of stimulating an
  immune response (pathogen)
• Antibody-proteins in the blood that attack
• antigens or pathogens-Antibodie
  s are produced by White Blood Cells (WBC)
• Antibiotic- A Drug (medicine) to treat bacterial
  infections-1st discovered in 1928-Penicillin

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Defense System

• 1st line of defense Physical barriers that
  prevent invaders from entering the body tissues
• Examples - skin
• - mucus membranes, nose hairs
• -stomach acid (HCL)
• -tears, ear wax
• 2nd line of defense non-specific (general)
• White Blood cells engulf bacteria
• Increased heart rate- so white blood cells can
  get to infection more quickly
• Inflammation-redness, fever, swelling, puss

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Barriers
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Inflammation
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white blood cells that eat
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• 3rd line of defense Immune System
• Antibodies and lymphocytes (T-cells, B-Cells) are
  produced to fight the infection. B and T cells
  are produced in the Thymus,Spleen,Tonsils,Bone
  Marrow and Lymph nodes.
• Immune reactions occur between antibodies and
  antigens when the immune system defends itself
  against invading organisms.
• Examples
• 1. Organ transplant rejection
• 2. Chicken Pox
• 3. Colds

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Types of Immunity

• Active Immunity- the body makes its own
  antibodies to a particular antigen usually as a
  result of having the disease (chicken pox). This
  usually last a long time.
• Vaccination- injection of a dead or weakened form
  of the disease causing microorganism. This can
  stimulate antibody production.
• Passive Immunity-Temporary immunity to a disease
  produced by the injection of antibodies (produced
  by another person or animal) into the body.
• People exposed to hepatitis are given an
  injection containing antibodies
• Mother passes immunity onto her baby. Lasts about
  2 months. Breast fed babies get moms immunities
  as well.

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Immune Disorders

• Allergies an abnormal immune response to a
  normal or beneficial substance.
• examples pollen, cat or dog hair, peanut butter,
  bee venom, dust, mold
• Triggers production of Antibodies - chemicals
  that attack the antigen
• Antigen any substance that produces an immune
  response

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Allergic Response

• Body produces histamines which cause
  inflammation
• Redness, runny nose, itchy skin or eyes
• You can take an
• anti-histamine which is a drug to counteract
  the histamine response (Benadryl, Zyrtec)

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A.I.D.S.

• Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
• Caused by the H.I.V. virus which infects the T2
  lymphocytes.
• AIDS weakens the immune system. Thus, the person
  with AIDS usually dies from an infection that the
  body cannot fight off anymore.

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• Protecting you
• Antibiotics medicine
• advantage
• kill bacteria that have successfully invaded you
• make you well after being sick
• disadvantage
• use only after sick
• only good against bacteria
• possible development of resistance by bacteria
  (if dont use correctly)
• can get sick again

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Excretion getting rid of Wastes
Organs of Excretion lungs, sweat glands, liver
and kidneys
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Carbon Dioxide Excretion
The lungs remove carbon dioxide
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Sweat glands in skin remove which wastes?

• Water
• Salt
• and
• Urea
• By perspiration
• Also maintains temperature

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The Liver removes

• Purifies the Blood
• Removes excess waste products
• Recycles worn out blood cells
• Nitrogenous compounds are broken down into urea
  and taken by the bloodstream to the kidneys

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Kidneys mainly dispose of

• There are two Kidneys on the left and right
• Excretes urea, salt and excess water
• Maintains homeostasis by regulating the balance
  of fluid in the body

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The main unit of kidney function is the Nephron

• There are 1.25 million units in each kidney
• 2 things happen
• a.-. water, salt, urea and
• amino acids leave
• b. Some water, salt, a.a. come back into
  the blood
• NOT UREA (toxic)
• This is a FILTER

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Regulation

• Two systems are mainly responsible for regulation
  in the human body.
• 1. _________________ controls voluntary and
  involuntary functions by nerve impulse conduction
  (electric signals)
• 2. __________________ controls many functions
  of the body through chemical signals (hormones)

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Nervous System Regulation

• The nervous system consists of _____ main organ
  systems
• the _________ nervous system which includes the
  _______ and ________ cord
• The ________________ nervous system which
  includes all the other nerves of the body.

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The Neuron

• Cells of the nervous system are called
  __________. Three types are
• ______________ receive input from an external
  or internal stimulus (change in the environment).
• ______________ transfer and interpret
  information received by the sensory neurons.
• ______________ transfer signals to muscles or
  organs to initiate a response to the stimulus

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The Neuron
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The Synapse

• Chemical messengers called ______________ are
  released by one neuron in order to relay the
  message to the next neuron.

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The Brain

• ___________ is the most primative part of the
  brain similar in all animals. It controls things
  like breathing and heartbeat.
• __________ controls balance and co-ordination,
  physical movement.
• ___________ controls the higher functions like
  learning and memory.

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Human Reproductive Systems
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Human Reproductive Systems

• Front view Side view

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Human Menstrual Cycle

• Feedback the production of one hormone
  influences the production of other hormones,
  either in a positive or negative feedback