If transduction does not occur, what do you perceive about a stimulus?

1
If transduction does not occur, what do you
perceive about a stimulus?

1. It is stronger than usual.
2. It is as though the stimulus did not take place
   and you feel nothing.
3. UV light was not converted into part of the
   visible spectrum.
4. It is weaker than usual.

2
Receptor A has a circular receptive field with a
diameter of 2.5 cm. Receptor B has a circular
receptive field of 7.0 cm in diameter. Which
receptor allows you to more precisely localize a
stimulus?

1. Receptor A
2. They would provide the same precision of sensory
   information
3. Receptor B
4. It would depend upon the location of the
   receptors

3
Distinguishing facts concerning tonic receptors
include all of the following except

1. Tonic receptors are always active.
2. The frequency of action potential generation
   indicates the background level of stimulation.
3. Tonic receptors are active for a short time
   whenever a change occurs in conditions monitored.
4. When a stimulus increases or decreases, the rate
   of action potential generation changes.

4
Which of the following has occurred if you no
longer notice the smell of a dirty cat litter box?

1. Peripheral adaptation
2. Anosmia
3. Sensory coding
4. Central adaptation

5
Which type of general sensory receptor is
correctly paired with its function?

1. Mechanoreceptor/detect changes in temperature
2. Chemoreceptors/sensitive to stimuli that distort
   their cell membranes
3. Thermoreceptors/detect changes in concentration
   of specific chemicals or compounds
4. None of these is correctly paired

6
Nociceptors are _____ receptors. To what
categories of sensations are nociceptors
sensitive?

1. Thermoreceptors/extremes of temperature and
   changes in vibration
2. Pain/extremes of temperature, mechanical damage
   and chemicals released from injured cells
3. Pain/changes in pressure or stretch in muscles
4. Chemoreceptors/changes in concentration of
   chemicals or compounds

7
A patient who describes their pain as prickling
is experiencing pain sensations carried by ____.

1. Substance P
2. Unmyelinated Type C fibers
3. Glutamate
4. Myelinated Type A fibers

8
What type of fibers carry information about itch
and tickle sensations?

1. Unmyelinated Type C fibers
2. Myelinated Type A fibers
3. All nociceptors
4. None of these is correct

9
Which type of tactile receptor gives you the most
information about location, size, and shape of
the source of stimulation?

1. Root hair plexus
2. Free nerve endings
3. Tactile (Merkels) discs
4. Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

10
Someone is gently brushing your arm with a
feather. Which type of receptor is stimulated?

1. Tactile (Meissners) corpuscles
2. Tactile (Merkels) discs
3. Root hair plexuses
4. All of the above are correct

11
Baroreceptors are located in all of the following
locations, except _____?

1. Blood vessels
2. Respiratory tract
3. Carotid bodies
4. Digestive tract

12
What would happen if the information from
proprioceptors in your legs were blocked from
reaching the CNS?

1. You would not experience pain sensations from
   your legs.
2. Your lower limb movements would be uncoordinated.
3. You wouldnt know position or degree of stretch
   in tendons of your legs.
4. 2 and 3 are correct.

13
Which of the following is incorrect concerning
chemoreceptors?

1. They exhibit peripheral adaptation over a few
   seconds.
2. We are not consciously aware of the sensations
   they provide.
3. Information is routed through the cerebral cortex
   for control of respiratory and cardiovascular
   function.
4. Chemoreceptive neurons are located in the carotid
   bodies and aortic bodies.

14
If a sensation is to reach your conscious
awareness, there must be a synapse with a ____ in
the ____?

1. First-order neuron/thalamus
2. Second-order neuron/primary sensory cortex
3. First-order neuron/dorsal root ganglion
4. Third-order neuron/thalamus

15
As a result of pressure on her spinal cord, Jill
cannot feel touch or pressure on her lower limbs.
Which spinal tract is being compressed?

1. Fasciculus cuneatus
2. Fasciculus gracilis
3. Lateral spinothalamic tract
4. Anterior spinothalamic tract

16
The ____ carries sensation of highly localized
(fine) touch, while the ____ provides conscious
sensations of poorly localized (crude) touch?

1. Posterior column pathway/anterior spinothalamic
   tract
2. Fasciculus gracilis/fasciculus cuneatus
3. Spinocerebellar pathway/lateral spinothalamic
   tracts
4. Spinothalamic pathway/spinocerebellar pathway

17
Which spinal tract carries action potentials
generated by nociceptors?

1. Fasciculus cuneatus
2. Fasciculus gracilis
3. Lateral spinothalamic tract
4. Anterior spinothalamic tract

18
What is unusual about the posterior
spinocerebellar tracts when compared with other
ascending pathways?

1. The decussation of axons in the medulla innervate
   motor neurons on the opposite side of the body.
2. Axons enter the posterior spinothalamic tract on
   the same side of the body.
3. They are the only tracts to carry information
   about referred pain.
4. They carry information along visceral sensory
   pathways.

19
For what anatomical reason does the left side of
the brain control motor function on the right
side of the body?

1. Motor function is controlled by a system of two
   neurons
2. Motor function is controlled by cranial reflexes
3. The motor area devoted to a particular area
   becomes larger
4. Decussation of axons

20
An injury involving the superior portion of the
motor cortex affects which region of the body?

1. Upper portion of the lower limb
2. Upper limb
3. Lower leg and foot
4. Both 1 and 2

21
Why does the motor homunculus depict the hands,
face, and tongue hugely out of proportion?

1. The brain area devoted to using those regions is
   vast.
2. More motor units are needed for fine control of
   those areas.
3. The cortical areas mapped for controlling those
   areas overlap with the sensory regions
   controlling those areas.
4. 1 and 3 are correct.

22
The medial pathway controls ______, whereas the
lateral pathway controls _____.

1. Gross movements of the trunk and proximal limb
   muscles/distal limb muscles and precise movement
2. Background patterns of movement/transmits motor
   impulses from the cerebrum to the spinal cord
3. Subconscious control of balance and muscle
   tone/subconscious control of reflex activity
4. None of these is correct

23
Parkinsons disease manifests which of the
following abnormalities?

1. The motor cortex ceases receiving messages from
   sensory neurons.
2. Excitatory neurons in the basal nuclei become
   more active, leading to faulty control of
   voluntary movements.
3. Axons that synapse in the thalamus no longer
   convey messages to the motor cortex.
4. GABA is released by neurons in excessive amounts.

24
Which of the following motor pathways remains
uncrossed along its length?

1. Vestibulospinal tract
2. Tectospinal tract
3. Anterior corticospinal tract
4. Lateral corticospinal tract

25
The cerebellum monitors proprioceptive
information for which two senses?

1. Visual and hearing
2. Hearing and postural information
3. Taste and smell
4. Vestibular and visual

26
Why is cerebellar control over well-practiced
movements, such as swinging a baseball bat,
important?

1. Voluntary movements begin with activation of far
   fewer motor units than necessary.
2. Concentrating on voluntary control using the
   motor cortex disrupts the pattern and rhythm.
3. Patterns of movement are unchanging.
4. Both 1 and 2.