EXAM 2 STUDY SESSION

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EXAM 2 STUDY SESSION

• INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE

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• The basic registration of light, sound, pressure,
  odor, or taste as parts of your body interact
  with the physical world is__________?
• Perception
• Transduction
• Sensation
• Absolute threshold

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C. Sensation the simple awareness due to the
stimulation of a sense organ Perception the
organization, identification, and interpretation
of a sensation in order to form a mental
representation Transduction what takes place
when many sensors in the body convert physical
signals from the environment into neural signals
sent to the central nervous system Absolute
threshold the minimal intensity needed to just
barely detect a stimulus
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• Parents distinguishing the smell of their own
  children from other peoples children is due to
  detection of __________?
• Pheromones
• Chemicals
• Body odor
• All of the above

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A. Pheromones biochemical odorants emitted by
other members of their species that can affect
the animals behavior or physiology
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• The dorsal stream allows us to perceive spatial
  relations, while the ventral stream includes
  brain areas that represent an objects shape and
  identity.
• True
• False

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A. True
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• What type of object recognition theory states
  that objects you have seen before are stored in
  your memory as a TEMPLATE?
• parts-based
• Gestalt parts-based
• Monocular-based
• Image-based

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D. Image based an object is stored in memory as
a template, a mental representation that can be
directly compared to a viewed shape in the
retinal image Parts-based the brain
deconstructs viewed objects into a collection of
parts
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• Haptic perception results from our _________
  exploration of the environment by touching and
  grasping objects with our ________.
• Passive hands
• Active hands
• Passive mind
• Active brain

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B. active hands
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• Some children are born with a disorder known as
  congenital insensitivity to pain, which causes
  them to not have pain sensations.
• True
• False

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A. True this disorder often mutilate themselves
(biting their tongues, gouging skin when
scratching) children with this are at an
increased risk of dying during childhood
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• In order, the three stages of memory are
• Encoding, storage, retrieval
• Retrieval, storage, encoding
• Encoding, retrieval, storage
• Storage, encoding, retrieval

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A. Encoding, storage, retrieval encoding is the
process by which we transform what we perceive,
think, or feel into an enduring memory storage
is the process of maintaining information in
memory over time retrieval is the process of
brining to mind information that has been
previously encoded and stored
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• Long-term retention is greatly enhanced by
  __________.
• Visual imagery encoding
• Organization encoding
• Elaborative encoding
• None of the above

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C. Elaborative encoding actively relating new
information to knowledge that is already in memory
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• __________ is the process of keeping information
  in short term memory by mentally repeating it,
  while _________ involved combining small pieces
  of information into large clusters.
• Practice chunking
• Repetition chunking
• Practice rehearsal
• Rehearsal chunking

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D. Rehearsal chunking
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• The inability to transfer new information from
  the short-term memory into the long-term memory
  store is known as retrograde amnesia.
• True
• False

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B. False retrograde amnesia is the inability
to retrieve information that was acquired before
a particular date, usually the date of an injury
or operation anterograde amnesia is the
inability to transfer new information from
short-term store into the long-term store
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• If you start talking about a party that you
  attended last year with a group of your best
  friends you are exhibiting explicit memory.
• True
• False

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A. True explicit memory occurs when people
consciously or intentionally retrieve past
experiences implicit memory occurs when past
experiences influence later behavior and
performance, even though people are not trying to
recollect them and are not aware that they are
remembering them
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• If I am now 21 and I forget the color of the
  dress I wore on my 6th birthday I am experiencing
  which of the seven sins of memory?
• Blocking
• Transience
• Memory misattribution
• Absent-mindedness

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B. Transience forgetting what occurs with the
passage of time blocking a failure to retrieve
information that is available in memory even
though you are trying to produce it memory
misattribution assigning a recollection or an
idea to the wrong source absent-mindedness a
lapse in attention that results in memory
failure.
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Which of the following is not considered one of
The Seven Sins of Memory? A.) Transience B.)
Memory misattribution C.) Perceptibility D.)
Blocking
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• Correct Answer C. Perceptibility is not one of
  The Seven Sins of Memory.

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• The intrusive recollection of events that we wish
  we could forget is known as ________.
• A.) Persistence
• B.) Transience
• C.) Memory misattribution
• D.) Tip-of-the-tongue experience

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• Correct Answer A.) Persistence is the intrusive
  recollection of events that we wish we could
  forget.
• Frequently occurs after disturbing or traumatic
  incidents because emotional experiences generally
  lead to more vivid and enduring recollections
  than non-emotional experiences do.

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• Theresa, a rape victim, recounts her story for
  the police department and recalls that there was
  another man accompanying her rapist. After
  further investigation it was found that there was
  no accomplice in the case. What memory sin did
  Theresa commit?
• A.) Persistence
• B.) Transience
• C.) Memory misattribution
• D.) Tip-of-the-tongue experience

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• Correct Answer C.) Memory misattribution
  assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong
  source.

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• ________ is based on experience, produces change
  in the organism, and these changes are relatively
  permanent.
• A.) Habituation
• B.) Learning
• C.) Growing
• D.) Sensory Awareness

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• Correct answer B.) Learning.
• Learning is some experience that results in a
  relatively permanent change in the state of the
  learner.

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• An _______ _______ is something that reliably
  produces a naturally occurring reaction in an
  organism An _______ _______ is a stimulus that
  is initially neutral and produces no reliable
  response in an organism.
• A.) Conditioned Response Conditioned Stimulus
• B.) Conditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus
• C.) Unconditioned Response Unconditioned
  Stimulus
• D.) Unconditioned Stimulus Conditioned Stimulus

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• Correct Answer D.) Unconditioned stimulus
  conditioned stimulus.

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• If you smell a lemon, it might get a sour taste
  in your mouth and you may salivate. This may
  occur from the time you are born and can occur
  without you ever having tasted a lemon before.
  The salivation and sour taste would be _________
  _______.
• A.) Unconditioned Responses
• B.) Conditioned Responses
• C.) Unconditioned Stimuli
• D.) Conditioned Stimuli

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• Correct Answer A.) Unconditioned Responses A
  reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by
  an unconditioned stimulus.

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• _________ _________ is when a neutral stimulus
  evokes a response after being paired with a
  stimulus that naturally evokes a response.
• A.) Classical Conditioning
• B.) Variable Interval Schedule
• C.) Fixed Interval Schedule
• D.) Operant Conditioning

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• Correct Answer A.) Classical Conditioning

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• The gradual elimination of a learned response is
  known as
• A.) Acquisition
• B.) Generalization
• C.) Extinction
• D.) Discrimination

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• Correct answer C.) Extinction.

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• A type of learning in which the consequences of
  an organisms behavior determine whether it will
  be repeated in the future is known as
• A.) Classical Conditioning
• B.) Variable Interval Schedule
• C.) Fixed Interval Schedule
• D.) Operant Conditioning

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• Correct Answer D.) Operant Conditioning

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• With this type of operant conditioning
  reinforcement schedule, an organism must wait for
  a specific amount of time and then make the
  operant response in order to receive
  reinforcement.
• A.) Fixed Ratio Schedule
• B.) Variable Interval Schedule
• C.) Variable Ratio Schedule
• D.) Fixed Interval Schedule

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• Correct Answer D.) Fixed Interval Schedule
• If you are conducting a study in which you place
  a rat on a fixed-interval 30 second schedule
  (FI-30s), and the operant response is pressing
  the lever, then the rat must wait for 30 seconds,
  then press the lever, and it will receive
  reinforcement. This type of schedule is called
  fixed because the amount time the organism must
  wait remains constant. In addition, the
  investigator can determine what NOT waiting will
  do. If the rat presses the lever before the
  interval has elapsed, it can either make the
  interval start all over again (so if the rat
  waits 15 seconds and then presses the lever, it
  starts the 30 seconds all over again), or do
  nothing so that the rat can press the lever
  constantly for 30 seconds, and then the next one
  will produce reinforcement.

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• An operant conditioning principle in which
  reinforcement is delivered after a specific
  number of responses have been made is known as
• A.) Fixed Ratio Schedule
• B.) Variable Interval Schedule
• C.) Variable Ratio Schedule
• D.) Fixed Interval Schedule

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• Correct Answer A.) Fixed Ratio Schedule

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• When a friend asks you for directions to your
  house, you are able to create an image in your
  mind of the roads, places to turn, landmarks,
  etc., along the way to your house from your
  friend's starting point. This representation is
  a
• A.) Cognitive Direction
• B.) Brain Directive
• C.) Cognitive Imagination
• D.) Cognitive Map

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• Correct Answer
• D.) Cognitive Map A mental representation of the
  physical features of the environment.

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• This is a type of learning that takes place
  largely independent of awareness of both the
  process and the products of information
  acquisition.
• A.) Artificial Learning
• B.) Implicit Learning
• C.) Explicit Learning
• D.) Beneath-the-surface Learning

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• Correct Answer B.) Implicit Learning.