A family

1

• A familys story in the Reformation

2
The Tudor Family

• Upstart Rulers from Wales
• Henry VII had taken the throne by killing
  Richard III from the rival family The Yorks.
• The War of the Roses
• To solidify his rule he married Richards niece
  Elizabeth of York

3
SURPRISE! Henry VII was a good king

• Sought prosperity for England.
• Fell in love with his wife and had six kids.
• Arthur
• Henry
• Margaret
• Mary
• Child that died in childbirth with Elizabeth.

4
Henry VIIIs Childhood

• Grew up in a loving family QUITE UNUSUAL!
• Second son his parents planned on him becoming
  a priest and maybe someday a pope?
• But that all changed in 1502!

5
1502

• Henrys older brother Arthur did two things
• Married at 15
• Political marriage to Catherine of Aragon
• VERY wealthy girl
• VERY connected
• An Uncle was pope
• Daddy was King of Spain
• A nephew eventually became the Holy Roman Emperor
• Died

6
What was Henry VII going to do?

• Henry now moved to be the heir to the throne.
• But what about Catherine?

7
Henry VIIs Solution

• Married one sons widow to his surviving son.
• Took until 1509 to maneuver the marriage.
• Henry was 17
• Catherine was 22

8
Henry VIII Takes Over

• 1509 his father died.
• Henry was king at 18 of a very prosperous country
  and had one of the richest women as his wife.
• Could he be content?

9
Henry VIII

• VERY intelligent
• Was interested in humanism
• Catholic, but realized there were changes needed
  in Rome.
• Sympathetic with Protestants

10
Henry VIII had one BIG problem

• No son
• There was a belief that a woman could only be
  queen if her husband was the king.
• Henry and Catherine had only one surviving child
  Mary.
• Six pregnancies.

11
Henry VIIIs Problem

• Marriage with Catherine had started off okay.
• He trusted her to rule while he was at war.
• She never complained at all the affairs he had.
• And there were a LOT of them!

12
Henry VIII was in a panic!

• No son to follow him?
• Would civil war break out like what his parents
  had lived through?
• Failure of the Tudor Family to have only 2 kings?
• Angevins 5
• Plantagenants 12

13
About 1525, Henry read Machiavellis THE PRINCE

• What is a king to do if his wife is getting past
  the age to give him an heir?
• She is too connected to kill.
• He did kind of like her.

14
Advice?

• Henrys longtime advisors and friends said
  Accept Gods will.
• Cardinal Woolsey
• Thomas Moore

15
Thomas Cranmer offered another bit of advice

• Turn Protestant and divorce Catherine.
• While you are at it, outlaw Catholics and
  confiscate all the wealth that the churches,
  monasteries, and convents have in England.

16
The spark that started the fire of change in
England

• Anne Boleyn
• The girl who said no to being a kings mistress.

17
Henry VIII

• Turned Protestant and divorced Catherine.
• It was against the Bible to marry his brothers
  widow.
• Confiscated all the Churchs wealth in his
  country.
• for Henry
• Married Anne Boleyn.

18
Henry VIII

• Act of Supremacy stated the only supreme head on
  earth of the Church of England is Henry VIII.
• Sold confiscated church land to the nobles in
  exchange for their loyalty.

19
Henry VIII

• Beheaded, imprisoned, and intimidated many to
  become Protestant.
• Sir Thomas Moore
• Beheaded
• Archbishop Woolsey
• Gave his treasure to Henry.
• Was still arrested and died.

20
What about Catherine?

• Divorced and under arrest.
• Died
• His daughter Mary was declared a bastard for
  siding with her mother and refusing to become
  Protestant.
• She couldnt be a princess.

21
What about Anne?

• Had a daughter Elizabeth right away.
• 2 miscarriages of sons.
• The spitfire personality her husband had
  married her for now turned into being a nag and
  scold.

22
Anne Boleyn

• Henry tried to divorce her.
• She refused to see her daughter called
  illegitimate.
• Put her on trial for treason
• Accused her of sleeping with her brother and
  music master.
• Beheaded her.

23
Anne Boleyn

• Married and made Queen 1533.
• Beheaded May 19, 1536

24
Henry VIII

• Married 3 on May 20, 1536.
• Jane Seymour
• Opposite personality to Anne.
• Was Protestant
• October 1537 delivered a son.
• Died after.

25
The Baby Edward

• Sickly child.
• Henry began to worry he was being punished for
  his actions.
• Tried to rebuild relationships with Mary and a
  bit with the little girl Elizabeth.

26
Thomas Cranmer was worried that Mary would
convince her father to become Catholic again.

• Quickly arranged a fourth marriage.
• A Protestant German Princess that came from a
  family that was known for producing a lot of
  children.
• Anne of Cleves

27
Wife 4 Anne of Cleves

• Married January 9, 1540
• Divorced July 9, 1540
• Stayed on in England as a friend of King Henry
  and served as a sort of mother to Mary and
  Elizabeth.

28
Henrys Habit Turning on his friends!

• Began to talk about becoming Catholic again and
  had more Catholic advisors.
• Edward still sickly
• Mary now was favored.
• Elizabeth was out of favor.
• Protestant raised
• Mother had been beheaded

29
Wife 5 Katherine Howard

• 29 years younger than Henry.
• Barely educated.
• Catholic.
• Cousin to Anne Boleyn.

30
Katharine Howard

• Married 1540
• Accused of adultery
• It was true this time.
• Beheaded 1542
• Only 19 or 20 years old.

31
Catherine Parr The LAST wife

• Henry was attending mass and favoring Catholics.
• Married a Protestant widow in 1543 until his
  death in 1548.
• More companion.
• Helped him create a relationship with all his
  children but in particular, Elizabeth.

32
Henry knew he left a mess in regards to religion
in England

• Next king Edward
• Protestant
• Sickly
• Next in Line Mary
• Catholic
• Next in Line Elizabeth
• Protestant

33
King Edward VII

• Probably had leukemia.
• Never a strong king.
• Land continued to become more Protestant.
• Stronger penalties for being Catholic.
• Died without being married and childless.

34
Mary I

• Believed it was her duty to return England to
  Catholicism.
• Outlawed many Protestants.
• Many executions
• Married her cousin King Philip of Spain and
  involved England in many Spanish causes that
  werent good for England.

35
Mary I

• Comeuppance time for Thomas Cranmer.
• Mary blamed him for causing her father to leave
  Catholicism and divorce her mother.
• Tortured into saying Protestants bad
  Catholics good.
• Changed his mind
• Burned at the stake

36
The Feelings of the People

• Conflicted between Catholics where the pope has
  supremacy and ANGLICANISM Protestants that
  believe the king has the right to say what they
  should believe.
• Act of Supremacy stated the only supreme head on
  earth of the Church of England is Henry VIII
• Unpopular Spanish wars were draining the people.

37
Marys Problem

• Mary was dying and childless.
• The only other heir was Elizabeth.
• Going to Catholic mass but suspected of being a
  Protestant.
• Daughter of the woman that had caused Marys
  father to leave Marys mother.

38
Mary

• Urged to arrest and execute her sister.
• Make her husband or a cousin, Mary Queen of Scots
  the next ruler.
• They were both Catholic.

39
Mary to Elizabeth

• Mary died keeping to her fathers wishes.
• Elizabeth became Queen.
• Ruled England 1558 1603
• The Golden Age

40
Elizabethan Compromise in England

• Elizabeth was Protestant and thought herself the
  head of the Anglican Church, and made decisions
  about what people should believe.

41
Elizabethan Compromise

• Catholics if they were loyal to Elizabeth
  were tolerated.
• Special taxes.
• At times, if a Catholic priest was caught, they
  would be executed.
• Priest Holes in some old houses to hide priests.

42
Queen Elizabeth A woman ruling in a
Machiavellian Mans World

• Had to sometimes be more brutal than her
  opponents if she wanted to stay alive.
• Was not above torturing people to get
  confessions.
• Used political assassination?
• Beheaded her Catholic cousin, Queen Mary of the
  Scots
• Her navy defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588.
• Spains strongest force to put Catholicism in
  place in England.

43
The Golden Age

• Elizabeth took a bankrupt country and made it one
  of the most prosperous and strong countries in
  the known world before her death.
• Peace and Prosperity for many.

44
The Golden Age

• Shakespeare flourished.
• Exploration of the New World and beyond.
• Sir Francis Drake
• Sailed around the world and brought wealth to
  England
• Sir Walter Raleigh
• Started colonies in the New World
• Roanoake Mystery
• Virginia named for Elizabeth.

45
The Golden Ages Price

• Elizabeth never married.
• To the very end, had to stay tough to prove a
  woman could rule.
• Arguably the best ruler England has had.