Chemistry of Life

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Chemistry of Life

• Organic and Inorganic compounds

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Objectives

• Distinguish between organic and inorganic
  compounds
• Explain the importance of carbon bonding in
  biological molecules
• Identify functional groups in molecules
• Summarize how large carbon molecules are
  synthesized and broken down
• Describe how the breaking down of ATP supplies
  energy to drive chemical reactions.

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Inorganic Molecules

• Generally small
• Few or no carbon atoms
• Dissolve easily in water
• Resist decomposition
• Undergo rapid chemical reactions
• Usually more likely to ionize
• 2/3 of your body is inorganic molecules

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Inorganic Compounds

• Can be minerals (most are ions)
• Ca, Fe, Mg, P, I, Na
• Could be molecules like O2,CO2 and H2O
• CO2 waste product in respiration. Source of
  carbon for photosynthesisO2 essential for
  aerobic respiration. Waste product of
  photosynthesis

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Where are minerals found in the body?

• Calcium
• Bones and Teeth, Vit D required for absorption
• Iron
• DNA synthesis, oxygen transport in blood
• Magnesium
• Bone and muscle
• Phosphorus
• Bones (90) and Brain (grey matter)

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Where are minerals found in the body?

• Iodine
• Essential to thyroid gland functioning (growth
  and metabolism)
• Sodium, chlorine, potassium electrolytes
• Regulate membrane potential
• let things in and out of the cell due to
  polarity.
• Potassium also regulates
• the heartbeat, formation of glycogen.
• Potassium deficiency ? fatigue, muscle cramps,
  stiffness.

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Water

• Most important and abundant molecule in the body
• 60-65 of body mass
• Cannot survive more than a few days without it.

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Functions of water

• Universal Solvent
• No chemical reactions without water
• Chemical Reactant
• Source of H for PS and Respiration
• Can donate O in some reactions
• Stabilizes temperature
• Absorbs and releases heat slowly

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Functions of water

• Lubricant
• Membranes, heart, lungs, digestive system
• Cushioning
• Brain and spinal cord, surrounds major organs,
  surrounds all cells
• Transport
• Blood, lymph
• Moves things from place to place

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Location of water

• Compartmentalized
• Intracellular
• Extracellular
• Interstitial and Intravascular
• Salt/water balance
• maintained between compartments
• Interact with environment
• via respiratory, excretory, and digestive systems

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Characteristics of Organic Compounds (in
Organisms)

• 1/3 of body ? organic molecules.
• Can contain 100s to 10,000s of atoms.
• Carbon backbone can form
• Chains, branches, or ring structures.
• Single, double or triple bonds
• Bonds with Carbon or other molecules
• Usually contain H, O, N, and P

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Characteristics of Organic Compounds (in
Organisms)

• May or may not dissolve easily in water
• All major organic molecules CAN be used for
  energy production (except vitamins)

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Non-living Organic Compounds

• Organic always involve the bonding of carbon and
  hydrogen.
• Methane, ethane, ethene, benzene are organic
  compounds found in the earth or manufactured.
• These ARE NOT found in living things

Methane, ethane,
ethene, benzene
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Important Organic Compounds in Living Things

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
• Must know what they are made of and how they are
  made important examples of each their
  job/location within the cell

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What is a macromolecule

• Macro large
• Molecule two or more atoms joined together
  (covalent bonding)
• Small organic molecules are called monomers.

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Polymers

• Monomers can be linked together to form polymers.
  

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Why can Carbon make long polymer chains?

• Consider the valence electrons.
• Can bond with itself, with other atoms, can
  branch or be straight,cyclic, can form single,
  double, or triple bonds

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Carbon Bonding(SEE FIGURE 3.2 BOOK)
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How are bonds represented?

• Parallel lines between atoms

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Biochem Basics

• Simplify your structures by hiding the Cs and
  Hs. This is called a shorthand structure.
• In a glucose molecule,
• There is a Carbon atom at each corner or point
• If no atom is shown, Carbons remaining bonds are
  filled up with H
• Draw examples from board/Class model activity
• Glucose Fatty acid

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Dehydration synthesis chemical reaction that
joins two or more monomers to form polymers plus
a water molecule (Building)
- Step 1 begin with at least two unlinked
monomers

OH
HO
OH
HO
- Step 2 Remove an H from monomer 1 and an OH
from monomer 2 The H and OH
combine to form water
HO
H
OH
O
HO


OH
O
HO
HOH H2O
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Dehydration synthesis chemical reaction that
joins two or more monomers to form polymers plus
a water molecule (Building)
- Step 3 Connect remaining atoms of monomers
O
H2O
OH
HO
Final Products of Dehydration synthesis - 1
growing polymer - 1 water molecule You can now
add on a third monomer the same exact way!!
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Hydrolysis Chemical reaction that uses water to
separate polymers into monomers. (Break apart)
- Exactly the opposite of Dehydration
synthesis Step 1 Begin with a polymer and 1
water molecule
H2O
OH
O
HO
Step 2 Separate the H2O into an H and an OH.
- Attach the H to one side of the bond, attach
the OH to the other
OH
O
HO
H
HO
Final product of Hydrolysis two separate
monomers
OH
HO
OH
HO
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Functional Groups

• Affect the characteristics and chemical reactions
  of organic molecules
• Four main functional groups
• OH Hydroxyl
• COOH Carboxyl
• NH2 Amino
• H2PO4 Phosphate

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Functional Groups can

• OH allow molecules to attach to polar molecules
• Could be water, or something else
• COOH ? acidic
• NH2 groups ? basic
• H2PO4 ? high energy bonds

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Carbon Molecules

• MOST (not all) are polymers
• Repeating linked units
• Might be identical, or structurally related
• Monomers
• Small simple molecules
• Large polymers? macromolecules

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Carbon Molecules

• Monomers
• glucose -tryptophan
• oleic acid -adenine
• Polymers
• starch casein
• corn oil DNA

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Four Main Classes of Organic Compounds

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

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Polymers and Monomers of sugars
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Linking Monomers

• Condensation reaction
• AKA dehydration synthesis
• Builds larger molecules

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Splitting Polymers

• Hydrolysis
• Water is used (hydro) to split the molecule
  (lysis)
• Reverse the previous reaction (start with the
  product and go to the reactants

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A different polymer
Base
P
o
CH2
Nucleotide
H
H
P
Phosphate H2PO3
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Base
o
CH2
P
H
H
H
OH
P
H2PO3
HPO3-
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Where is the Energy?

• ATP
• Adenosine Triphosphate

Looks like a nucleotide, but has 3 phosphate
groups Water is used to break the
phosphatebonds High energy but easy to break
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Carbohydrates
Straight Chain
Structural
Molecular Formula
C6H12O6
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Carbohydrates

• CH2O (approximate ratio of atoms)
• Main source of energy for living things
• Some are important structurally
• Can be simple (glucose) or complex (starch)

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Monosaccharides

• Single sugar molecules (simple sugars)
• Glucose
• Galactose - in milk
• Fructose - in fruit
• sweetest of the simple sugars

Can be absorbed directly into the bloodstream
glucose
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Disaccharide

• Sucrose - glucose fructose
• Lactose - galactose glucose
• Maltose - glucose glucose

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Polysaccharides

• Glycogen (animal starch)
• storage in muscle and liver
• Plant starch
• stores excess sugar in a plant
• Cellulose
• provides strength and rigidity in plants
• Chitin
• Animal exoskeletons

glycogen
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Glycogen Structure
Storage form of glucose. Found in liver and
muscles. Glucose in excess of glycogen needs is
converted to fat.
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Plant Starch branched and unbranched
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Cellulose
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LIPIDS
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Lipids - Steroids
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Food Lipid - Triglyceride
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Not a Monomer!!!!
The three fatty acids do NOT link to each
other. Instead they link to another molecule
(glycerol) This unit is called a triglyceride
ora fat. This unit DOES NOT link to another
triglyceride!
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Lipids

• Purpose
• store energy - membrane components
• waterproof - chemical messengers (steroids)

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Lipids

• Chemical composition
• Predominantly Carbon and Hydrogen
• DO NOT HAVE MONOMERS!!!
• Common categories
• Fats/Oils (Triglycerides)
• Pigments -Waxes
• Steroids - Phospholipids

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Lipid Structure

• Many have 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol
  backbone
• Called a triglyceride
• Saturated
• maximum of hydrogens, no CC bonds
• generally solid at room temperature
• Unsaturated
• one or more CC or triple bond.
• Generally liquid at room temperature

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NUCLEIC ACIDS
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Nucleic Acids

• H, O, N, C, P
• Monomers are called nucleotides
• Composition of a nucleotide (3 parts)
• phosphate group
• 5 C sugar
• nitrogenous base
• Nucleotides join covalently to form nucleic acids

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Nucleic Acids

• Types of Nucleic Acids (Polymers)
• RNA
• contains ribose and uracil, single stranded
• DNA
• contains deoxyribose and thymine, double stranded

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Nucleotide (Monomer) Structure
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DNA nucleotides
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DNA STRUCTURE
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Nucleic Acid Structure
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PROTEINS
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Proteins

• N, C, H, O others
• Monomer amino acid
• NH2 group at one end COOH group at the other
• R groups differentiate one aa from another

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Proteins

• Polypeptides and Proteins
• Polymers
• 20 different aa linked in countless ways

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Amino group
Carboxyl grouop
Generic amino acid
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Structure of Protein
Most be tertiary structure to be called a protein
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Role of Proteins

• Control rates of reactions
• Regulate cell processes
• Build bone and muscles
• Transport

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Protein organization

• Four levels
• Primary (1o - sequence of aa acids in polypeptide
  chain
• Secondary (2o) - aa can be twisted (a) or folded
  (b)
• Tertiary 3o - how chain is folded this is the
  functional level of many proteins
• Quaternary 4o - how chains interact together
  -some proteins require more than one polypeptide
  to work.

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nucleotides
triglyceride
Amino acid
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steroids
glucose
polysaccharide
hydrolysis
Dehydration synthesis