Chemistry of Life

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Chemistry of Life

• Mr. Grounds
• Biology Chapter 2
• D210

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ATOMBASIC UNIT OF MATTER

• Subatomic particles
• Protons () nucleus
• Neutrons () nucleus
• Electrons (-)
• electron shells/energy levels
• Atoms are neutral
• Proton Neutron

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ATOMBASIC UNIT OF MATTER

• Atoms want their outer energy levels stable
• Outer energy level valence shell
• How many valence electrons are needed to fill the
  outer valence shell of each atom?

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ELEMENTPURE SUBSTANCE, 1 TYPE OF ATOM

• Atomic Number Proton ( Electron )
• Atomic Mass Protons Neutrons

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ELEMENTPURE SUBSTANCE, 1 TYPE OF ATOM

• Atomic Number Proton ( Electron )
• Atomic Mass Protons Neutrons

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ELEMENTPURE SUBSTANCE, 1 TYPE OF ATOM
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ELEMENTPURE SUBSTANCE, 1 TYPE OF ATOM

• 4 elements make up 96 of the human body
• CARBON
• HYDROGEN
• OXYGEN
• NITROGEN

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ELEMENTPURE SUBSTANCE, 1 TYPE OF ATOM

• CHNOPS

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ISOTOPESSAME ELEMENT, DIFFERENT NEUTRON

• Same E-
• Same chemical properties
• Different Neutron
• Different atomic masses

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CHEMICAL BONDSHOLD TOGETHER ATOMS IN COMPOUNDS

• Compound element element element
• H2O
• NaCl

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IONIC BONDSELECTRONS ARE MOVED WEAK

• Chemical bond where atoms give up or accept an E-
  to form a compound (Ionic Compound)
• When atoms gain or lose E-, they become charged
  particles (Ions)
• Weak, easily broken

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COVALENT BONDSELECTRONS ARE SHARED STRONG

• Chemical bond where atoms share E- to form a
  compound (Molecule)
• Strong

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• Why is Earth called
• the Blue Planet?

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WATER IS POLAR POLARITY

• Polarity - Uneven distribution of E- between the
  oxygen and hydrogen atoms
• Oxygen end is slightly
• Hydrogen end is slightly

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Water is Cohesive Cohesion

• Cohesion attraction between molecules of the
  same substance
• Hydrogen Bonds (very weak)
• Water molecules can bond together through
  Hydrogen Bonding
• Surface Tension force that results from the
  strong attraction b/w water molecules which can
  support very light objects.

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MixturesSolutions Suspensions

• Mixture composed of 2 or more elements or
  compounds
• Physically mixed together
• Keep their own properties
• Salt Water
• Salt Pepper
• Sugar Sand
• Gases in the Atmosphere

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SolutionSubstances evenly distributed

• Solute substance that is dissolved
• Sugar
• Salt
• Solvent substance in which the solute dissolves
• ______ is the greatest solvent on earth
• Carries nutrients
• Removes wastes

WATER
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Water

• Polar compound
• Hydrogen bonding
• Cohesion
• Adhesion
• Capillary action

• Universal solvent
• carries nutrients
• removes wastes
• Most abundant substance in body
• Needed for digestion
• Regulates temperature

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pH0 Acids 7 Bases 14

• Acids (acidic)
• Less than pH of 7
• Hydrogen ion (H)
• Water
• pH of 7
• neutral
• Bases (alkaline)
• Greater than pH of 7
• Hydroxide ion (OH-)

0
7
14
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pH0 Acids 7 Bases 14
Relative concentrations of Hydrogen and Hydroxide
ions Acidic
Alkaline
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CarbonOrganic Compounds

• Molecule atoms joined together by a covalent
  bond (sharing E-)
• Macromolecule thousands of molecules joined
  together by polymerization
• Process that joins small compounds together to
  build larger compounds

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CarbonOrganic Compounds

• Mono
• Poly
• Iso
• Macro

• - One/Single
• - Many
• - Same
• - Large

Monomer single unit Polymer many units joined
together
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BiomoleculesLarge Organic Compounds

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids
• DNA
• RNA
• Proteins

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Carbohydrates

• Used for energy or structural purposes
• Made from sugars
• Saccharide sugar (Latin saccharum)

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Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharide simple sugar
• Glucose blood sugar
• Fructose sugar in fruits
• Galactose found in milk

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Carbohydrates

• Disaccharide double sugar
• Maltose in grains (glucose glucose)
• Lactose in milk (glucose galactose)
• Sucrose table sugar (glucose fructose)

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Carbohydrates

• Polysaccharide complex sugar
• Starch
• Glycogen (animal starch)
• Cellulose (plant fiber)

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Lipids (Fats)

• Glycerol Fatty Acids
• Fats, oils, waxes
• Long term energy storage
• Insulation
• Protective (waterproof) covering
• Found in
• Hormones
• membranes

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Nucleic Acids

• Polymers formed from nucleotides
• Store transmit hereditary (genetic) info
• DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• Stored Information
• RNA - Ribonucleic Acid
• Uses information in protein synthesis

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Proteins

• Macromolecules composed of Amino Acids
• C, H, O, N
• Used as building blocks
• Regulate cell processes
• Transport substances into or out of cells
• Help fight diseases
• Form bones muscles
• Control the rate of reactions

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Chemical Reactions

• Process that changes 1 set of chemicals into
  another set of chemicals
• Slow or fast
• Reactant Reactant Products
• Reactants enter into a reaction
  bonds are broken
• Products produced by reaction
  new bonds are formed

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Chemical Reactions
CO2 H2O H2CO3

• Reactant

Reactant
Product
As carbon dioxide enters your blood, it reacts
with water to produce a highly soluble compound
called carbonic acid.
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Chemical Reactions

• Energy Changes
• When energy is released or absorbed when chemical
  bonds are broken or formed
• Energy of Activation
• Energy that is needed to get a reaction started
• Enzymes
• Proteins that speed up the rate of chemical
  reactions in cells

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Vitamins

• Organic
• Act as coenzymes
• Needed in small amounts
• Maintain growth metabolism

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Minerals

• Inorganic
• Building materials
• Chemical reactions
• Needed in small amounts

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• DUE Day of Test
• Journal
• Labs
• Sticky Water
• Foldables
• Biochemistry Foldable (carbs, lipids, proteins,
  vitamins, etc)
• Study Guide Pages
• 189-199