Mgmt 445: Organizational Design and Change

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Mgmt 445 Organizational Design and Change

• Personal Change Project
• Target Justification
• Alternate Goal
• Information
• Topics
• Helping-Hindering Forces
• Action Steps
• Evaluation

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Outline

• Theories/Models of Behavior Change
• trying to understand change
• Characteristics of Effective Goals
• S.M.A.R.T.
• Exercise Prescription
• F.I.T.T. Principle
• Nutritional Considerations

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Theories and Models

• Health Belief Model
• Transtheoretical Model
• Relapse Prevention Model
• Theory of Reasoned Action
• Theory of Planned Behavior
• Social Learning/Social Cognitive Theory
• Social Support
• Ecological Approaches

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Health Belief Model

• Four Critical Areas
• severity of potential illness
• persons susceptibility to that illness
• benefits of taking preventive action
• barriers to taking action
• Self-efficacy
• Cues to action

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Transtheoretical Model

• 5 Stages (continuum)
• readiness to change
• 1) Precontemplation
• 2) Contemplation
• 3) Preparation
• 4) Action
• 5) Maintenance

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Relapse Prevention Model

• Anticipation of problems with adherence
• neg. emotional or physiological states
• limited coping skills
• social pressure
• interpersonal conflict
• limited social support
• low motivation
• high-risk situations
• stress

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Theory of Reasoned Action/Theory of Planned
Behavior

• Behavior determined by persons intention
• attitude toward the behavior
• influence of social environment
• Theory of Planned Behavior
• adds perceived control
• opportunities, resources, skills

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Social Learning/Social Cognitive Theory

• Change affected by
• environmental influences
• personal factors
• attributes of the behavior itself
• Self-efficacy (belief in capability)
• Incentive to perform behavior ( gt -)
• Person must value outcomes/consequences

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Social Support

• Conceptualization/Measurement of Support
• Instrumental
• giving non-driver a ride to class
• Informational
• telling someone about a program
• Emotional
• phone call follow-up
• Appraising
• providing feedback/reinforcement

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Ecological Approaches

• Sociocultural and Environmental Influences
• supportive environments
• bike paths, parks, policy
• Multiple levels
• individual, organizational, governmental
• Multiple settings
• schools, worksites, health care
• institutions, communities

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S.M.A.R.T.

• Specific
• Measurable
• Attainable
• Relevant
• Time-based
• positive realistic performance-oriented vs.
  outcome-oriented

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Short-Term and Long-Term

• Short-Term
• help you stay on track
• makes task seem easier
• builds confidence
• Long-Term
• planning important
• write it down
• revisit, review, revise

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Exercise Prescription

• F.I.T.T. Principle
• Frequency
• how often?
• Intensity
• how hard?
• Time
• how long?
• Type (mode)
• what kind?

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Exercise Prescription

• What is your goal?
• aerobic fitness
• competition, health
• weight management
• appearance, health
• Is there a difference?
• frequency
• intensity
• duration
• mode (type)

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Frequency

• Aerobic Fitness
• 3 sessions/week
• Weight Management
• 5-7 sessions/week
• variety
• accumulation

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Intensity

• Aerobic Fitness
• 50-80 VO2max
• 60-90 maximal heart rate
• Weight Management
• lower is better?
• fat burning zone
• total caloric expenditure
• regularity

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Duration

• Aerobic Fitness
• 20-30 minutes/bout
• depends on purpose
• competition
• Weight Management
• 45-60 minutes/bout
• total caloric expenditure important

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Type (Mode)

• Aerobic Fitness
• specificity
• running
• cycling
• Weight Management
• large-muscle activities
• weight-bearing
• enjoyable

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Nutritional Considerations

• Nutritional Intake
• quantity and quality
• food pyramids
• energy needs
• Fads/Gimmicks/Quackery
• diets
• supplements

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Intake vs. Expenditure

• Intake
• diet
• Expenditure
• basal metabolic rate
• (resting metabolic rate)
• physical activity
• most variable component

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Estimating Resting Metabolic Rate

• Males
• RMR (kcal/d) 88.362 4.799 x (ht) 13.397
  x (kg) 5.677 x (age)
• Amer J Clin Nutr, 40 168-182, 1984
• Females
• RMR (kcal/d) 447.593 3.098 x (ht) 9.247
  x (kg) 4.330 x (age)
• Amer J Clin Nutr, 40 168-182, 1984
• Note kg bodyweight in kg ht height in cm
  age age in years

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Estimating Resting Metabolic Rate

• World Health Organization Equations
• Age Range Equation SD
• Males
• 18-30 679 15.3 x (kg) 151
• 30-60 879 11.6 x (kg) 164
• gt60 487 13.5 x (kg) 148
• Females
• 18-30 496 14.7 x (kg) 121
• 30-60 829 8.7 x (kg) 108
• gt60 596 10.5 x (kg) 108
• Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert
  Consultation. Energy and Protein Requirements.
  Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization,
  1985.

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• Gary R. Brodowicz, Ph.D.
• Professor
• School of Community Health
• 503.725.5119
• brodowiczg_at_pdx.edu
• ON TRAC
• 503.725.5128
• Exercise Physiology Laboratory
• 260 Urban Center Building