Understanding proteins and enzymes in order to deliver optimal products Basic knowledge of the enzym

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• Understanding proteins and enzymes in order to
  deliver optimal products Basic knowledge of the
  enzyme classes and their chemistry is of primary
  importance . This knowledge, together with
  state-of-the-art technologies within protein
  chemistry, is the basis for discovering and
  improving new enzyme applications.
• Basic knowledge of the function and stability of
  proteins and enzymes is the key to developing new
  enzyme applications and improving existing
  applications

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• Large-scale enzyme screening in real-life tests
  Using High Throughput Screening can scan the
  properties of more than one million potential new
  enzymes each week. What is more, the tests also
  simulate real-life applications such as a washing
  machine or jet cooker.
• Every year are produced and isolated billions of
  potential new enzymes that may turn into a new,
  revolutionizing product. Finding the right enzyme
  with the right properties is therefore like
  finding a needle in a haystack.

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• Testing new enzyme structures in a virtual
  environment With the help of specially
  programmed super-computers researchers can test
  new enzyme structures in a virtual environment.
  Even slight changes in an enzyme can result in
  amazing improvements in stability
• An enzyme consists of several hundreds of amino
  acids located in a delicate three-dimensional
  structure. This structure determines the
  properties of the enzyme such as reactivity,
  stability and specificity.

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• Using natures own technology to develop new
  enzyme products Using the evolutionary process
  nature creates new organisms that are better
  suited for survival under new conditions. If our
  scientists are unable to find an enzyme to solve
  a specific problem in nature, they are able to
  develop it by imitating evolution
• In many industries the enzyme solution for a
  specific problem is not always easy to find. Most
  often harsh conditions place excessive demands on
  the enzyme used. Examples of such conditions are
  high temperature, extreme pH levels or harsh
  chemicals used in the industrial process.

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• The visionary approach to safe and low-allergenic
  industrial enzymes The future of enzymes lies
  in safe enzyme products for personal care and
  food. Based on several new patents, to produce
  safe low-allergenic enzymes in these fields is
  getting ready.
• Proteins, including enzymes, have obvious
  applications in the detergent, personal care,
  agricultural, food, pharmaceutical and chemical
  industries, but until now it has not been
  possible to use enzymes in potential applications
  (e.g. Personal Care) due to the allergenic
  potency of the molecules.

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• 5 Enzymes As Commercial Products 5.1 Detergent
  Additives5.2 Food Additives And Food
  Processing5.2.1 Corn Syrup5.2.2 Alcohol And
  Beverages 5.2.3 Rennet And Rennet
  Substitutes5.3 Enzymes For Feed
  Supplementation5.3.1 Phytase5.3.2
  Xylanase5.3.3 Other Feed Additive
  Enzymes5.3.4 Thermostabilization Of Feed
  Supplement Enzyme5.3.5 Industrial Production Of
  Enzymes For Feed Additives 5.3.6 Major
  Competitors With Enzyme Supplementation For Feed
  

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• 5.4 Pharmacy5.4.1 Fda-Approved Enzyme Drugs
  5.4.2 Investigational Enzyme Drugs 5.5
  Research And Development Products5.5.1
  Signaling (Probe) Enzymes5.5.2 Proteases.
  5.5.3 Lysozyme. 5.5.4 Nucleases 5.6
  Clinical Assays 5.6.1 Forensic Pcr5.6.2
  Clinical Pcr 5.6.3 Elisa 5.7 Us Federal
  Funding For Enzyme Research/Technology Transfer
  5.7.1 Small Business Innovation Research (Sbir)
  Program. 5.7.2 Small Business Technology
  Transfer (Sttr) Program 5.7.3 Advanced
  Technology Program (Atp).

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• 6.5 Other Targets 6.5.1 Neurami6.5.2
  Triclosan.6.5.3 Immunophilins 6.5.4 Topoiso
  6.5.5 Viagra 6.5.6 Polyketide
  Synthases6.5.7 Hmg-Coa Reductase6.5.8
  Miscellaneous Enzyme Targets.

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• 6 Enzymes As Therapy Targets
• 6.1 Proteases 6.1.1 Serine Proteases 6.1.2
  Acid Proteases 6.1.3 Metalloprotease Inhibitors
  6.1.4 Antigen Processing. 6.1.5 Apoptosis,
  Caspases And Ice.6.2 Antibiotics6.2.1
  Vancomycin 6.2.2 Thienamy 6.2.3
  Oxazolidinones 6.2.4 Streptog 6.2.5 Other New
  Antibiotics In Development

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• 6.3 Cyclooxygenase 6.4 Antivirals And Reverse
  Transcriptase
• 7 Potential Growth Areas For Enzymes7.1
  Pharmaceutical Processing 7.1.1 Chiral
  Resolutions 7.1.2 Chiral Examples7.1.3
  Nonchiral Examples 7.2 Solid Phase Enzyme
  Chemistry7.2.1 Biocatalysis Formats 7.2.2
  Solid Phase Enzyme Chemistry Example7.3
  Specialty Chemical Applications.

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• 7.4 Biopulping7.4.1 Paper And Pulp 7.4.2
  Fermentation Feedstock7.5 Waste 7.5.1
  Explosives 7.5.2 Organophosphates In Pesticide
  Residues And Nerve Gas

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• 7.6 Biosensors
• 7.6.1 Glucose Monitors7.7 Hydrogen Production
  For Fuel Cell Applications. 7.8 Clinical
  Assays?sa 7.9 Biofilm Control 7.10 Gas And
  Oil Desulfurization 7.11 Cyclodextrins 7.12
  Synthesis Of Vanillin From Glucose 7.13 Gene
  Therapy7.13.1 Rubisco7.13.2 Agricultural Gene
  Transfer For Crop Enhancement7.13.3 Enzymes
  Produced In Transgenic Plants

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• The General Characteristics of Enzymes. Enzymes
  are highly efficient protein catalysts which are
  involved iii almost every biological reaction.
  They are often quite specific in terms of the
  substance acted upon and the type of reaction
  catalyzed.
• Enzyme Nomenclature and Classification. Enzymes
  are grouped into six major classes on the basis
  of the type of reaction catalyzed. Common names
  for enzymes often end in -ase and are based on
  the substrate and/or the type of reaction
  catalyzed.
• Enzyme Cofactors. Cofactors are nonprotein
  molecules required for an enzyme to be active.
  Cofactors are either organic (coenzymes) or
  inorganic ions.
• .

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• Mechanism of Enzyme Action. The behavior of
  enzymes is explained by a theory in which the
  formation of an enzyme-substrate complex is
  assumed to occur. The specificity of enzymes is
  explained by the lock and key theory and the
  induced fit theory.
• Enzyme Activity. The catalytic ability of enzymes
  is described by turnover number and enzyme
  international units. Experiments that measure
  enzyme activity are referred to as enzyme assays.
  
• Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity. The catalytic
  activity of enzymes is influenced by numerous
  factors. The most important are substrate
  concentration, enzyme concentration, temperature,
  and pH

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Enzyme Inhibition. Chemical substances called
inhibitors decrease the rates of enzyme catalyzed
reactions. irreversible inhibitors render enzymes
permanently inactive and include several very
toxic substances such as the cyanide ion and
heavy metal ions. Reversible inhibitors are of
two types competitive and noncompetitive.
Regulation of Enzyme Activity. Three mechanisms
of cellular control over enzyme activity exist.
One method involves the synthesis of enzyme
precursors called zymogens, which are activated
when needed by the cell. The second mechanism
relies upon the binding of small molecules
(modulators), which increase or decrease enzyme
activity. Genetic control of enzyme synthesis,
the third method, regulates the amount of enzyme
available. Medical Applications of Enzymes.
Numerous enzymes have become useful as aids in
diagnostic medicine. The presence of specific
enzymes in body fluids such as blood has been
related to certain pathological conditions.
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