Drugs, Behavior, and Modern Society

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Drugs, Behavior, and Modern Society

• Chapter 1
• Drugs and Behavior Today

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TWO VIEWS OF DRUGS AND BEHAVIOR

• Focusing on specific substances that alter our
  feelings, thoughts, perceptions, and behavior
• Focusing on the circumstances in our lives that
  lead to drug-taking behavior

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WHAT IS A DRUG?WHAT IS A PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG?

• Drug - A chemical substance that alters the
  structure or functioning of the body, excluding
  nutrients related to normal functioning
• Psychoactive drug - influences the functioning of
  the brain and hence behavior and experience

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TWO TYPES OF DRUG USE

• INSTRUMENTAL USE - taking a drug with a specific
  socially-approved goal in mind.
• RECREATIONAL USE - taking the drug for the sole
  purpose of experiencing its psychoactive
  properties (e.g., get high).

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FOUR CATEGORIES OF DRUG-TAKING BEHAVIOR

• Illicit drug/instrumental use
• Illicit drug/recreational use
• Licit drug/instrumental use
• Licit drug/recreational use

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HOW DO YOU DEFINE DRUG ABUSE AND DRUG MISUSE?

• Drug abuse drug-taking behavior that results in
  some form of impairment
• Drug misuse a prescription or nonprescription
  (OTC) drug is used inappropriately

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DRUG USE IN ANCIENT TIMES

• Shamanism --- a practice of healing based on
  trancelike states, frequently induced by
  hallucinogenic drugs
• Ebers Papyrus --- Egyptian document in 1500 B.C.,
  containing more than 800 prescriptions for
  common diseases

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DRUG USE IN ANCIENT TIMES

• 5000 B.C. The Sumerians use opium, suggested by
  the fact that they have an ideogram for it which
  has been translated as HUL, meaning "joy" or
  "rejoicing."
• 3500 B.C. Earliest historical record of the
  production of alcohol the description of a
  brewery in an Egyptian papyrus.

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DRUG USE IN ANCIENT TIMES

• 2000 B.C. Earliest record of prohibitionist
  teaching, by an Egyptian priest, who writes to
  his pupil "I, thy superior, forbid thee to go to
  the taverns. Thou art degraded like beasts.
• 350 B.C. Proverbs, 316-7 "Give strong drink to
  him who is perishing, and wine to those in bitter
  distress let them drink and forget their
  poverty, and remember their misery no more."

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DRUG USE IN ANCIENT TIMES

• 4th century St. John Chrysostom (345-407), Bishop
  of Constantinople "I hear man cry, 'Would there
  be no wine! O folly! O madness!'
• 450 Babylonian Talmud "Wine is at the head of
  all medicines where wine is lacking, drugs are
  necessary."

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DRUG USE IN ANCIENT TIMES

• c. 1000 Opium is widely used in China and the far
  East.
• 1493 The use of tobacco is introduced into Europe
  by Columbus and his crew returning from America.
• c. 1525 Paracelsus (1490-1541) introduces
  laudanum, or tincture of opium, into the practice
  of medicine.

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DRUG USE IN ANCIENT TIMES

• c. 1650 The use of tobacco is prohibited in
  Bavaria, Saxony, and in Zurich, but the
  prohibitions are ineffective. Sultan Murad IV of
  the Ottoman Empire decrees the death penalty for
  smoking tobacco "Whereever there Sultan went on
  his travels or on a military expedition his
  halting-places were always distinguished by a
  terrible rise in executions. Even on the
  battlefield he was fond of surprising men in the
  act of smoking, when he would punish them by
  beheading, hanging, quartering or crushing.
  Nevertheless, in spite of all the horrors and
  persecution. . . the passion for smoking still
  persisted."

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DRUG USE IN ANCIENT TIMES

• 1789 The first American temperance society is
  formed in Litchfield, Connecticut.
• 1790 Benjamin Rush persuades his associates at
  the Philadelphia College of Physicians to send an
  appeal to Congress to "impose such heavy duties
  upon all distilled spirits as shall be effective
  to restrain their intemperate use in the
  country."
• 1792 The first prohibitory laws against opium in
  China are promulgated. The punishment decreed for
  keepers of opium shops is strangulation.

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DRUG USE IN ANCIENT TIMES

• 1792 The Whisky Rebellion, a protest by farmers
  in western Pennsylvania against a federal tax on
  liquor, breaks out and is put down by
  overwhelming force sent to the area by George
  Washington. Samuel Taylor Coleridge writes "Kubla
  Khan" while under the influence of opium.
• 1800 Napoleon's army, returning from Egypt,
  introduces cannibis (hashish, marijuana) into
  France. Avante-garde artists and writers in Paris
  develop their own cannabis ritual, leading, in
  1844, to the establishment of Le Club de
  Haschischins.

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DRUG POLICY IN THE 19th CENTURY

• patent medicines, marketed through peddlers,
  shops, or mail-order advertisements
• many patent medicines contained opium or cocaine
• Laissez-faire hands-off philosophy - exerting
  as little governmental control and regulation as
  possible

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MAJOR DRUG REGULATORY LAWS 1906-PRESENT

• 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
• 1914 Harrison Act
• 1919 Volstead Act (Prohibition)
• 1937 Marijuana Tax Act
• 1970 Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and
  Control Act
• 1988 Anti-Drug Abuse Act
• 1996 Comprehensive Methamphetamine Act
• 2003 Illicit Drug Anti-Proliferation Act
• 2004 Anabolic Steroid Control Act

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DRUGS AND BEHAVIOR 1900-1945

• growing awareness of abuse potential of opiates,
  particularly heroin (introduced in 1898)
• enactment of regulatory laws for opiates and
  cocaine (Harrison Act of 1914)
• temperance movement gains political strength,
  leading to National Prohibition of alcohol
  (1920-1933)
• enactment of regulatory laws for marijuana
  (Marijuana Tax Act of 1937)

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DRUGS AND BEHAVIOR 1945-1960

• development of antibiotic drugs (penicillin,
  streptomycin) for bacteria-borne infectious
  diseases
• development of chlorpromazine (Thorazine) for
  treatment of schizophrenia
• no public awareness that cigarette smoking or
  alcohol consumption was drug-taking behavior

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DRUGS AND BEHAVIOR AFTER 1960

• use of marijuana, stimulants, and hallucinogens
  becomes widespread in the 1960s, particularly
  among college students
• neuroscience research in the 1970s begins to
  study relationship between brain and behavior
• cocaine glamorized in the 1980s
• introduction of crack cocaine in 1985 extends
  cocaine dependence to the inner cities of America

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PATTERNS OF DRUG USEU.S. HIGH SCHOOL
SENIORS1975-PRESENT

• Peak illicit drug use prevalence rates reached
  about 1979
• A steady decline until about 1993
• A reversal upward from 1993 to about 2001, a slow
  decline since
• In 2005, 38 percent reported use of an illicit
  drug over the previous year in 1979, this figure
  was 54 percent.

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ILLICIT DRUG USE PREVALENCE RATES FOR U.S. HIGH
SCHOOL SENIORS IN 2005

• Over the previous 12 months
• Marijuana --- 34 percent
• Cocaine --- 5 percent
• MDMA (Ecstasy) --- 4 percent
• LSD --- 2 percent

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TRENDS IN ANNUAL PREVALENCE OF ILLICIT DRUG USE
1975-2005
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DRUG USE AMONG EIGHTH GRADERS
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LICIT DRUG USE PREVALENCE RATES FOR U.S. HIGH
SCHOOL SENIORS IN 2005

• Over the previous 30 days
• Alcohol --- 47 percent
• Binge drinking --- 28 percent
• At least 1 cigarette every day --- 14 percent
• At least a half-pack every day --- 7 percent

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AVAILABILITY, RISK, AND PREVALENCE OF MARIJUANA
USE IN THE PAST MONTH AMONG HIGH SCHOOL SENIORS
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LICIT DRUG USE PREVALENCE RATES

• 2004 NSDUH 6 million persons age 12 or older had
  used prescription psychotherapeutic medications
  non-medically in the prior month. This includes
  4.4 million using pain relievers, 1.6 million
  using tranquilizers, 1.2 million using
  stimulants, and 0.3 million using sedatives
• What about legitimate use of prescriptions?

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FACTORS DETERMINING THE LIKELIHOOD OF DRUG-TAKING
BEHAVIOR

• Risk factors increase the likelihood of
  involvement with drugs
• Protective factors decrease the likelihood of
  involvement with drugs and reduce the impact of
  any risk factor

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SPECIFIC RISK FACTORS FOR DRUG-TAKING BEHAVIOR

• irregular school attendance
• poor relationship with parents
• getting into trouble in general
• membership in a deviant subculture
• Note Economic hardship and parental abuse
  not significant risk factors

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SPECIFIC PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR DRUG-TAKING
BEHAVIOR

• intact and positive home environment
• positive educational experience
• conventional peer relationships
• positive attitudes and beliefs

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PERCENTAGES OF 4 HIGH-RISK BEHAVIORS AS A
FUNCTION OF DEVELOPMENTAL ASSETS
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EXAMPLES OF CLUB DRUGS

• MDMA (Ecstasy, X)
• Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
• Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
• Ketamine (K, Special K)
• Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)
• Methamphetamine

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DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS

• commercial preparations derived from vitamins,
  amino acids, or herbal extracts
• manufacturers permitted to claim that products
  can help with certain physical conditions
• cannot be used to diagnose, treat, cure, or
  prevent physical disease

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DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS

• Major examples androstenedione, creatine, gingko
  biloba, ginseng, and St. Johns wort
• Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of
  1994 stipulates that any claims have not been
  evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug
  Administration.