Foundations%20of%20Cognitive%20Psychology

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Foundations of Cognitive Psychology

• Part 2 History of Cognitive Psychology

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Contributors to the History of Psychology

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Early Studies of Mental Processes

• Relating Physical Stimuli and Psychological
  Phenomena - mental processes that underlie
  intelligent behavior are unobservable
• Pythagoras (584-495 BC) - Greek mathematician
  String plucking

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Early Philosophical Views on the Mind

• How do people acquire knowledge and how do they
  maintain it over time?
• Socrates (469-399 BC)
• Plato (427-347 BC)
• Aristotle (384-322 BC)

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British Empiricists and Associationists

• knowledge is gained through experience with the
  world and that experiences with the world are
  stored in the mind as associations.
• Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
• John Locke (1623-1704)
• James Mill (1773-1836)
• John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

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PSYCHOPHYSICS

• Study of the relationship between the physical
  properties of a stimulus and properties taken on
  when the stimulus is filtered through subjective
  experience
• Early studies of the nervous system and
  development of psychophysics
• Johannes Mueller (1801-1858)
• Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795-1878)
• Gustav Fechner (1801-1878)
• Paul Broca (1824-1880)
• Carl Wernicke (1848-1904)
• Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894)

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Structuralism

• The primary goal of psychology is to specify
  conscious experience through introspection
• Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
• Edward Titchener (1867-1927)

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Functionalism

• Interested in the study of the functions of the
  mind emphasis on cause and effect, prediction
  and control, and observation of  environment and
  behavior
• William James (1842-1910)
• James Rowland Angell (18691949)

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Gestalt Psychology

• Emphasis on the importance of whole patterns in
  perception rather than perception of individual
  parts (the whole is different from the sum of its
  parts.)
• Max Wertheimer (1880-1943)
• Kurt Koffka (1886-1941)
• Wolfgang Kohler (1887-1967)

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Behaviorism

• Stressed studying observable events rather than
  unobservable mental processes learning consists
  of developing associations between stimuli and
  responses
• Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
• Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)
• John B. Watson (1878-1958)
• Clark Hull (1884-1952)
• Edward C. Tolman (1886-1959)
• B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

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History of Cognitive Psychology Love/Hate
Relationships
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Cognitive Psychologists and Studies

• Early memory studies
• Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
• Sir Frederick Bartlett (1886-1969)
• George A. Miller (1920-)
• Metaphors of Cognition and Brain Structure
• Information-processing model - Lachman, Lachman,
  and Butterfield (1979)
• Connectionism McClelland Rumelhart, 1985
  Rumelhart McClelland, 1986)
• Cognitive Science
• Cognitive Neuroscience