21st Annual CCPS Conference and 2nd Global Congress on Process Safety Process Safety Challenges in a

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21st Annual CCPS Conference and 2nd Global
Congress on Process SafetyProcess Safety
Challenges in a Global EconomyApril 23-27,
2006Walt Disney World Dolphin Resort, Orlando,
Florida
LNG Security Vulnerability Assessment

• David A. Moore
• Brad A. Fuller
• David A. Jones
• Michael J. Hazzan
• AcuTech Consulting Group
• www.acutech-consulting.com

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National Issues

• Public concerns terrorism is a major factor in
  LNG import terminal siting
• LNG industry does not have a standard security
  vulnerability assessment methodology to help
  analyze and explain these risks consistently.

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National Issues

• Security could be more uniformly assessed and
  risks more clearly understood and compared.
• This paper examines the issues of making security
  risk decisions in the LNG industry and the
  requirements and industry methods available.

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Overall Issue

• US does not have a common SVA framework for
  decision-making by Government and private sector
• Lack of common risk terminology
• Lack of guidance on threat assumption
• Lack of guidance on consequence
  assumptions/analysis
• Lack of consensus on risk assessment/acceptable
  risk criteria
• Note DHS RAMCAP project and DOE/FERC guidance
  addressing these issues
• In the mean time, companies are encouraged to
  develop their own guidelines

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LNG SVA Requirements
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RAMCAP Concept Development

• Purpose
• Develop a common risk-based method for comparing
  security risk across sectors of US
  infrastructures and key resources
• Determine national, regional vulnerabilities
• Determine need for national security upgrades and
  specific infrastructure upgrades
• Allocate Federal and private sector resources
  based on risk
• Limitation
• Not a complete assessment most critical only

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API SVA Methodology
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Example WSA Risk Matrix
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33 CFR Part 105 Requirements

• The FSA report requirements under 105.305 (d),
  include
• On-Scene Survey
• Existing Security Measures
• Vulnerabilities
• Security Measures to Address Vulnerabilities
• Key Facility Operations and
• List of Identified Weaknesses.

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33 CFR Part 105 -Security Threats

• Damage to or destruction of the facility or of a
  vessel moored at the facility
• Hijacking or seizure of a vessel moored at the
  facility or of persons on board
• Tampering with cargo, essential equipment or
  systems, or stores of a vessel
• Unauthorized access or use
• Smuggling dangerous substances and devices
• Use of a vessel moored at the facility to carry
  those intending to cause a security incident
• Use of a vessel moored at the facility as a
  weapon or as a means to cause damage or
  destruction
• Blockage of entrances, locks, and approaches
• CBNRE attack

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Waterway Suitability Assessment (NVIC 05-05)

• Scope of WSA
• Address transportation of LNG from LNG tankers
  entrance into U.S. territorial waters, through
  its transit to/from LNG terminal (receiving)
  facility, and include operations at
  vessel/facility interface.
• Address navigational safety issues and port
  security issues.
• Identify relevant safety and security issues from
  broad viewpoint of impact to entire port,
• Provide a detailed review of specific points of
  concern along LNG tankers proposed transit route.

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WSA (cont.)

• References for WSA
• USCGs Risk-Based Decision-Making, COMDTINST
  M16010.3 (series).
• USCGs Risk-Based Decision-Making Guidelines,
  3rd Edition (http//www.uscg.mil/hg/g-m/risk/e-gui
  delines/RBDMGuide.htm)
• Local Area Maritime Security Plan (AMSP).
• Sandia National Laboratories Report
  SAND2004-6258, Guidance on Risk Analysis and
  Safety Implications of a Large Liquefied Natural
  Gas (LNG) Spill Over Water, December 2004.

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Contents of NVIC 05-05 (cont.)

• Encl. 3 Risk Management Quick-Reference Tool
• Contains Sensitive Security Information (SSI),
  not subject to public disclosure.
• Describes suggested attack scenarios and
  corresponding risk management strategies that are
  
• recommended or
• suggested

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WSA (cont.)

• Outline of WSA
• Port Characterization
• Characterization of LNG Facility and LNG Tanker
  Route
• Risk Assessments (Safety and Security)
• Risk Management Strategies
• Resource Needs for Safety, Security and Response
• Conclusions and Recommendations

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WSA (cont.)

• 1. Port Characterization
• Area Maritime Security Plan (AMSP) as basis.
• Summary of port environment.
• Evaluation of impact of proposed LNG operations
  on entire port community to assess resources
  needed to provide a safe and secure environment.

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WSA (cont.)

• Characterization of LNG Facility and LNG Tanker
  Route (cont.)
• Contents (cont.)
• Proposed LNG tanker characteristics and the
  frequency of deliveries.
• Application of the Zones of Concern applied to
  entire length of transit.
• Population density for areas impacted.
• Critical infrastructure key assets list (e.g.
  from AMSP).

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WSA (cont.)

• Characterization of LNG Facility and LNG Tanker
  Route (cont.)
• Contents (cont.)
• Density and character of marine traffic along
  each segment of waterway
• Shore-side community demographics and important
  structures
• Maneuvers required to berth LNG vessels and their
  potential impacts to other traffic in waterway.

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WSA (cont.)

• Risk Assessment (Safety Security)
• Key assumptions identified and documented
• Appropriate risk assessment methodology
• Identification of events/conditions that could
  trigger a release of LNG
• Unintentional or accidental events (e.g.
  collisions, groundings, spills) for safety risk
  assessment
• Intentional events (e.g. terrorist act, sabotage)
  for security risk assessment

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WSA - Route

• Characterization of LNG Facility and LNG Tanker
  Route
• Area Maritime Security Plan (AMSP) as basis.
• Focus on entire length of tankers route, divided
  into logical segments.
• Consultation with harbor pilots.
• Contents
• Information listed in 33 CFR 127.007 127.009.
• Details of the proposed LNG facility waterfront
  configuration and physical construction.

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WSA -Segments
Section 2 High Vessel Traffic
Section 3 High Population Density
Section 4 Positioning to Terminal
Section 1 Traffic Separation Scheme
Section 5 Offloading at Terminal
Inbound
Outbound
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Maritime Safety Hazards
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Illustration of Zones of Concern (Intentional
Release)(NVIC 05-05, Enclosure 11)(Not to Scale)
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Illustration of Zones of Concern (Intentional
Release)(NVIC 05-05, Enclosure 11)(Not to Scale)
Zone 3 - 3500 m
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Illustration of Zones of Concern (Intentional
Release)(NVIC 05-05, Enclosure 11)(Not to Scale)
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WSA (cont.)

• Risk Assessment (cont.)
• Analysis of individual safety and security risks
  of proposed LNG operations, in terms of
• Probabilities
• Consequences
• Vulnerabilities
• Threats
• Sensitivity analysis

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WSA (cont.)

• Risk Assessment (cont.)
• Security Risk Assessment (cont.)
• Vulnerability Assessment
• Addresses the likelihood that an attack will
  succeed.
• Identify exposures that might be exploited to
  ensure the success of an attempted terrorist
  attack or related threat.
• Assess vulnerabilities to vessel, facility and
  port community
• System vulnerabilities
• Asset vulnerabilities

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WSA (cont.)

• Risk Assessment (cont.)
• Security Risk Assessment (cont.)
• Threat Assessment
• Addresses the likelihood of an attack.
• Evaluate ways in which particular people and
  property (i.e. targets) may be attacked.
• Identify specific attack scenarios based on
  Sandia Report throughout the waterway.
• Identify areas in the port (and throughout the
  waterway from which an attack could be launched.

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WSA (cont.)

• Risk Management Strategies
• Identification of all possible, and evaluation of
  all appropriate, risk management strategies
  (measures) for identified areas of risk (using
  the matrix form the Risk Management
  Quick-Reference Tool available from the COTP/FMSC
  as a minimum.
• Identification of ways to prevent an identified
  accident or attack from occurring
• Development of measures to mitigate the
  consequences should a release of LNG occur.

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WSA (cont.)

• Risk Management Strategies (cont.)
• Addresses risk management measures for
• Safety
• Security
• Response
• Consideration of scalable risk management
  measures to address LNG operations at elevated
  Maritime Security (MARSEC) levels for both
• Specific threats or causal events
• Non-specific threats or causal events

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WSA (cont.)

• Resource Needs for Safety, Security and Response
• Identification and tabulation of options for
  resources needed to implement all proposed risk
  management strategies
• Identification of resources currently available
• Use of gap analysis to evaluate new resources
  and how these might be obtained.

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WSA (cont.)

• Conclusions and Recommendations
• Summary of port safety and security risk
  implications of introducing LNG operations in the
  port.
• Summary of resource gap analysis to identify key
  resources needs, new resources required

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WSA (cont.)

• WSA is a useful framework for analyzing
  navigational, safety, and security issues
• It includes involvement of key stakeholders and
  addresses substantial issues in a risk-based
  framework
• It proved effective in identifying
  vulnerabilities and in defining resource
  allocation

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WSA (cont.)

• WSA benefits from a more specific process to make
  risk-based decisions
• The applicant needs to define this process in
  cooperation with stakeholders sufficient to make
  necessary risk and resource allocation decisions

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LNG SVA Needs

• The areas needing structure/definition in LNG
  SVAs include
• More defined risk-based assessment process
• Threat definition
• Consequence assumptions and definition
• Population exposure assumptions
• Vulnerability definition
• Emergency response and evacuation assumptions
• Mitigation and effectiveness assumptions
• It is recommended to adopt a standard methodology
  for all needs for uniformity