Motivation

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CHAPTER 3
Motivation
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Session Outline

• What Is Motivation?

• Views of Motivation

• Five Guidelines for Building Motivation

• Developing a Realistic View of Motivation

• Achievement Motivation and Competitiveness

(continued)
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Session Outline

• Why Are Achievement Motivation and
  Competitiveness Important?

• Theories of Achievement Motivation

• Developing Achievement Motivation and
  Competitiveness

• Implications for Professional Practice

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What Is Motivation?
Motivation is the direction and intensity of
effort.

• Direction of effort refers to whether an
  individual seeks out, approaches, or is attracted
  to situations.

• Intensity of effort refers to how much effort an
  individual puts forth in a situation.

• Direction and intensity of effort are closely
  related.

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Views of Motivation
Participant- or trait-centered view
Situation-centered view
Interactional view
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Views of Motivation
Participant- or Trait-Centered View
Motivated behavior is primarily a function of
individual characteristics (e.g., needs, goals,
personality).
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Views of Motivation
Situation-Centered View
Motivated behavior is primarily determined by the
situation.
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Views of Motivation
Interactional View
Motivated behavior results from the interaction
of participant factors and situational factors.
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Interactional View of Motivation
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Five Guidelines for Building Motivation
Guideline 1
Both situations and traits motivate people.
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Guidelines for Building Motivation
Guideline 2
People have multiple motives for involvement.
Understand why people participate in physical
activity.
? People participate for more than one
reason. ? People may have competing motives for
involvement. ? People have both shared and
unique motives. ? Motives change over time.
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How to Identify Participant Motives
Observe participants.
Talk informally to others.
Ask participants directly.
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Major Motives for Sport Participants

• Improving skills

• Having fun

• Being with friends

• Experiencing thrills and excitement

• Achieving success

• Developing fitness

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Major Motives for Exercise Participants
Joining Continuing
Health factors Enjoyment Weight loss Liking
instructor Fitness Liking type of
activity Self-challenge Social factors Feeling
better
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Guidelines for Building Motivation
Guideline 3
Change the environment to enhance motivation.
? Provide both competitive and recreational
opportunities. ? Provide for multiple motives
and opportunities. ? Adjust to individuals
within groups.
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Guidelines for Building Motivation
Guideline 4
Leaders influence motivation, directly and
indirectly.
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Guidelines for Building Motivation
Guideline 5
Use behavior modification to change undesirable
participant motives.
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Developing a Realistic View of Motivation

• Motivation is a key variable in both learning and
  performance contexts.

• Physical and psychological factors beyond
  motivation influence behavior and must be
  considered.

• Some motivational factors are more easily
  influenced than others.

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What Are Achievement Motivation and
Competitiveness?
Achievement Motivation
A persons orientation to strive for task
success, persist in the face of failure, and
experience pride in accomplishments (Gill, 2000)
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What Are Achievement Motivation and
Competitiveness?
Competitiveness
A disposition to strive for satisfaction when
making comparisons with some standard of
excellence in the presence of evaluative others
(Martens, 1986)
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What Are Achievement Motivation and
Competitiveness?
KEYS

• Achievement motivation self-comparison or
  achievement.

• Competitiveness social evaluation or comparison.

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Why Achievement Motivation Is Important
Achievement motivation influences
choice of activities,
effort to pursue goals,
intensity of effort, and
persistence (in the face of failure).
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Theories of Achievement Motivation
Need achievement theory
Attribution theory
Achievement goal theory
Competence motivation theory
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Need Achievement Theory
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Attribution Theory
Attributions
How people explain their successes and failures
Attribution categories

• Stability

• Locus of causality

• Locus of control

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Attribution Theory
Weiners basic attribution categories
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Attributions and Achievement Motivation
ATTRIBUTIONS PSYCHOLOGICAL RESULT
Increased expectation of success Increased pride
or shame Increased motivation
(See table 3.1 on p. 64 of text.)
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Achievement Goal Theory
Achievement Goals
Outcome goal orientation (or competitive goal
orientation) focuses on comparing performance
with that of others and defeating others. Task
goal orientation (or mastery goal orientation)
focuses on improving relative to ones own past
performances.
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Achievement Goal Theory
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Achievement Goal Theory
KEYS

• Focus extra attention on task-oriented goals.

• Foster mastery or task motivational climates.

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Competence Motivation Theory
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Competence Motivation Theory
KEYS

• People are motivated to feel worthy or competent.

• Feelings of competence and worth, as well as
  perceptions of control, determine motives.

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What Theories of Achievement Motivation Tell Us
About High Achievers
Motivational orientation

• High motivation to achieve success

• Low motivation to avoid failure

• Focus on the pride of success

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What Theories of Achievement Motivation Tell Us
About High Achievers
Attributions

• Ascribe success to stable and internal factors
  within their control

• Ascribe failure to unstable and external factors
  outside their control

• Usually adopt task goals

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What Theories of Achievement Motivation Tell Us
About High Achievers
Perceived competence/control

• Have high perceived competence and feel that
  achievement is within their control

Task choice

• Seek out challenges, able competitors, and
  demanding tasks

Performance

• Perform well in evaluative conditions

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What Theories of Achievement Motivation Tell Us
About Low Achievers
Motivational orientation

• Low motivation to achieve success

• High motivation to avoid failure

• Focus on shame and worry that may result from
  failure

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What Theories of Achievement Motivation Tell Us
About Low Achievers
Attributions

• Ascribe success to unstable and external fctors
  outside their control

• Ascribe failure to stable and internal factors
  within their control

Goals adopted

• Usually adopt outcome goals

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What Theories of Achievement Motivation Tell Us
About Low Achievers
Perceived competence/control

• Have low perceived competence and feel that
  achievement is outside their control

Task choice

• Avoid challenges, seek out very difficult or very
  easy tasks/competitors

Performance

• Perform poorly in evaluative conditions

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Developing Achievement Motivation and
Competitiveness
Stages

• Autonomous competence stage

• Social-comparison stage

• Integrated (self and social comparison) stage

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Developing Achievement Motivation and
Competitiveness
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Developing Achievement Motivationand
Competitiveness
KEYS

• Recognize stage of achievement motivation.

• Ultimate goal is the integrated stage.

• Motivational climate influences achievement
  motivation.

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Implications for Professional Practice
1. Recognize the interaction of personal and
situational factors influencing achievement
behavior.
? Stage of achievement behavior
? Goal orientation
? Attributions
? Situations approached or avoided
(continued)
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Implications for Professional Practice
2. Emphasize mastery (task) goals and downplay
outcome goals.
3. Monitor and alter attributional feedback.
4. Monitor and correct inappropriate
attributions.
5. Determine when competitive goals are
appropriate.
6. Enhance feelings of competence and control.