Energy Pathways

1
Energy Pathways

• February 1st thru February 29th
• Please visit http//teachers.greenville.k12.sc.us
  /sites/ecrane

2
Vocabulary Terms

• Alcoholic Fermentation
• Anaerobic Pathway
• Cellular Respiration
• Fermentation
• Glycolysis
• Lactic Acid Fermentation
• NAD
• Pyruvic Acid (Pyruvate)
• Acetyl Coenzyme A
• Aerobic Respiration
• Citric Acid Cycle
• Electron Transport Chain
• FAD

• Krebs Cycle
• Citric Acid
• Oxaloacetic Acid
• Accessory Pigment
• Adenosine Diphosphate
• Adenosine Triphosphate
• ATP synthase
• Biochemical Pathway
• Carotenoid
• Chemiosmosis
• Chlorophyll
• Granum
• Light Reactions

3
Vocabulary Continued

• NADP
• Photosynthesis
• Photosystem
• Photosystem I
• Photosystem II
• Pigment
• Primary Electron Acceptor
• Stoma
• Stroma
• Visible Spectrum
• Wavelength
• Carbon 3 plant

• Calvin Cycle
• Carbon Fixation
• Carbon 4 pathway
• CAM pathway
• Phosphoglyceraldehyde
• Phosphoglycerate
• Ribulose Bisphosphate
• (NAD(P)nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  (phosphate))
• (FAD)flavin adenine
• dinucleotide

4
Activity

• Using the dictionaries provided, please look up
  the definitions for the terms already given to
  you.
• If for some reason the term is not listed in the
  dictionary, the words are probably in your
  textbook or another one of mine.
• Please write the definition in a complete
  sentence.

5
Metabolism

• Cells trap and use energy for building,
  stockpiling, breaking apart, and eliminating
  substances in ways that eliminating substances in
  ways that help them survive and reproduce. These
  activities are called metabolism.
• Metabolism proceeds as long as cells acquire and
  use energy. Top stay alive, then, cells must
  replace energy they lose during each metabolic
  reaction. The sun is the original source of
  energy replacements through most of the
  biosphere.
• Different metabolic pathways, operating in
  coordinated ways, help maintain, increase, or
  decrease the relative amounts of substances
  inside cells.
• Enzymes increase the rate of specific reactions.
  They take part in nearly all metabolic
  pathways. So does ATP, an organic compound that
  transfers energy from one reaction site to
  another in cells.

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Notes Outline

• I. Energy
• A. Life
• 1. Energy is constant. It cannot be created nor
  destroyed.
• 2. Energy flows spontaneously from high to low.
• B. Disorder
• 1. Entropy is a measure of the degree a system
  is in disorder.
• 2. Energy is used to maintain consistency so
  that disorder does not take place.
• II. Energy Directions
• A. Gains and Loses
• 1. Exothermic and Exergonic
• 2. Endothermic and Endergonic
• B. Reversibility
• 1. Most reactions go both ways reactants to
  products and
  products to reactants

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III. Metabolic Pathways A.
Definition 1. A metabolic pathway is an
orderly sequence of reactions with specific
enzymes at each step. B. Types 1.
Biosynthetic small molecules are assembled into
larger molecules. 2. Degradative large
molecules are broken down into smaller
molecules. 3. Linear A-B-C-D-END PRODUCT 4.
Cyclic IV. Enzyme Control A. Feedback
Mechanisms 1. Governs enzyme synthesis and
allows reaction to continue in the forward
direction. B. Negative Feedback 1. Stops
enzyme synthesis thus turning the reaction
around or stopping it completely.
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CoEnzymes

• Function serve as helpers to enzymes or serve as
  transfer agents.
• Types
• - NAD derived from vitamins, nicotinamide
  adenine dinucleotide
• Its function is to pick up hydrogen atoms when
  glucose is broken down during gylcolysis. NADP is
  the same thing just with a phoshpate attached. It
  functions during photosynthesis.
• - FAD derived from vitamins, flavin adenine
  dinucleotide
• Its function is to pick up hydrogen also. It is
  used during the krebs cycle. FADP is the same
  with a phosphate attached.
• - Once NAD and FAD have picked up a Hydrogen atom
  they become NADH and FADH or NADPH or FADPH

9
Electron Transport System

• Electron Transport Systems are organized
  sequences of enzymes and coenzymes.
• They are built into cell membranes, such as those
  of chloroplasts and mitochondria.
• Electrons stripped from substrates are
  transferred through these systems.
• During certain transfers, energy is released that
  can be used to do work-for example, to make ATP.

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ATP/ADP Cycle

• Cycle and notes
• ATP is the cells currency for purchasing energy
  needed to survive.
• In this cycle, an energy input drives the binding
  of ADP to a phosphate group or to an unbound
  phosphate group forming ATP.
• Then ATP is ready to donate a phosphate group
  elsewhere and revert back to ADP.
• The attachment of a phosphate group is called
  phosphorylation. Once this takes place, the
  molecule is ready to enter a metabolic reaction