A Framework For Implementation of ICT In Kenyan High Schools Focusing on Sustainability

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A Framework For Implementation of ICT In Kenyan
High Schools Focusing on Sustainability

• Name Ndungu, Patrick Maina Reg No.
  P/56/P/7786/02 Supervisor
  Mr. C. Moturi
• November 2005

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ABSTRACT

• The research was a survey of one hundred (100)
  high schools from seven (7) provinces in Kenya.
• Sought to critically look at the implementations
  of ICT in these schools.
• challenges being encountered - best methods used
  to successfully sustain it.
• ICT is not doing well due to poor planning lack
  of knowledgeable ICT personnel, financial
  constrains in spite of the fact that student are
  paying a lot of money for ICT.
• A Framework developed that, if adopted, will
  help in a standardized approach to the
  implementation and sustainability of ICT in
  schools

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

• The research is undertaken in recognition of
  the complexities a school faces during
  implementation and subsequent sustainability of
  ICT.
• Some schools have adopted ICT use.
• Others with apparently similar desire
  and similar resources, only little
  has been achieved.
• This research is underpinned by the desire
  to understand- what makes the difference?

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2.0 Project Justification

• A lot of resources are used in establishing ICT
  center in schools-
• A number of school heads/managers are
  complaining about the cost involved in running of
  ICT in school
• Lack of support of ICT by Administration and
  school staff
• Confusion between outsourcing of ICT services e.
  g. maintenance and hiring their own ICT
  Technician
• Dilemma of whether to buy branded, Clones or
  refurbished comp.
• Poor security leading to loss
• Requires proper planning
• Add educational value, content and capacity
  Building for all schools that have implemented
  ICT and those planning

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4.0 Objectives Of The Study

• General Objective
• Establish and disseminate findings regarding the
  conditions and or factors which encourage and
  support effective ICT implementation subsequent
  maintenance focusing on its sustainability.
• Specific Objectives
• Identify factors which encourage and support
  effective ICT implementation focusing on its
  sustainability.
• Model a framework for implementing ICT centers in
  Kenyan high schools which can be sustained.

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5.0 Literature Survey

• Literature from fields of studies that-
• directly addressed ICT implementation in schools
• which focused on management whether in education
  or otherwise was reviewed
• Across the fields of literature, relevant
  documents were identified from an existing
  extensive research database, updated with summary
  information from recent publications.
• From the literature survey, there following
  conditions are essential for implementing ICT in
  schools for its sustainability-

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Literature Survey, contd

• Shared Vision systematic support, school
  culture and organisation
• Is there proactive leadership and administrative
  support from the entire system?
• Is organisational structure open and flexible in
  terms of allowing ICT co-coordinator to
  participate in decision-making?
• Is there visible clarity with regard to the
  schools informal decision making processes?
• Community Support
• Is there recognition of the importance of links
  outside the immediate school, both at local and
  national level?
• Does the community and school partners provide
  expertise, support, and resources?
• Resources Access
• Does the school have access to current
  technologies, software, and telecommunications
  networks?

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Literature Survey, contd

• Are the ICT facilities reliable and robust?
• Are computers and peripherals suitable for the
  specific purpose they are to address?
• Training and support/ Professional Development
• Is there a system for helping teachers identify
  their training needs?
• Do teachers have consistent access to
  professional development in support of technology
  use in teaching and learning?
• Is there Technical Assistance given to teachers
  (technical assistance for maintaining and using
  the technology)?
• Individual attitude

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Literature review Cont.. summary

• ICT development could not be achieved without the
  following capital assets-
• Financial sustainability, -(re)covering costs and
  replacing equipment leads to institutional
  sustainability
• Physical (technology) capital - technology
  choice, type of infrastructure and Human capital
  influence the success of ICT in a school
• Social capital -social and institutional
  arrangements that will keep the ICT being used
  for its intended developmental.

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METHODOLOGY

• Population-Kenyan High Schools
• Representative group( Target population)-
• 287 schools that were registered for computer
  studies in year 2004 Kenya National Examinational
  councils O-level exams was.
• Sampling Frame-
• Sample units constituted one hundred (100)
  randomly selected High Schools in seven
  provinces.

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METHODOLOGY Cotd
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METHODOLOGY Cotd

• Data Gathering Instruments
• Questionnaire-
• One hundred and twenty five (125) questionnaires
  were administered , 100 were returned 80
  response rate
• targeting the ICT coordinator/computer teacher.
• Questionnaire data generated descriptive
  statistics regarding success or failure of ICT in
  school
• Interviews
• Head teacher and ICT coordinator were asked some
  oral questions for clarification purposes.
• Observation
• Computer labs organization or school Network set
  up.
• Observation was used as a supportive and
  exploratory of collecting data

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PRELIMINARY FINDINGS, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATIONS

• From the data collected, an attempt has been made
  to extract any common trends that exist in
  support of or contradicting the hypothesis.

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Summary Of Survey Findings

• The findings are grouped into three
• School (organizational-
• - Analysis of prevailing process, policies
  a school has put In place that influences
  Success in ICT.
• Technical issues-
• This looks at Technical aspects that influences
  growth of ICT in a school.
• Financial-
• - looks at issues relating to costs of
  establishing and running of ICT

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SCHOOL- Institutional Sustainability

• Presence of ICT department and how long it has
  been there-
• urban schools have generally had their ICT
  programs running for much longer than other
  schools
• - This further indicates that they have had time
  to experiment various implementation strategies
  and picked on the most ideal.

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FINDINGS, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS
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FINDINGS, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS

• Presence Of ICT Teacher During Implementation,main
  objectives and Success Of ICT In A School.
• 85 of the respondents that had successful ICT
  implementation had an ICT teacher or coordinator
  foreseeing and advising on the process.
• Promotion of ICT literacy was the major over all
  objectives with 37 followed by tool to implement
  curriculum26 and 21 as means to adapting
  curriculum to modern technology an 15
  administration and management.

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Process leader an success in implimentation
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Technical Sustainability Issues
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INTERNET CONNECTIONSNS
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Security Considerations Taken
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Financial Sustainability Issues

• 80.6 of ICT in schools were establihsed by school

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• 30 branded (compaq) bought 4 years ago

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20 refurbished branded bought 4 years ago
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20 CLONES bought 4 years ago
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20 branded (compaq) bought in 1998 (7 years)
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Mixtures of Branded, Cloned and refurbished
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A Model framework
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SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSIONS OF THE FRAMEWORK

• Financial sustainability
•  Establishment of ICT budget
•   Looking for financial sources and ICT Fee
• Quantifying Cost effectiveness of ICT
• Being Transparent on the implementation and
  running of ICT in a school TECHNICAL
• Technical Sustainability
• Willingness To Undertake Maintenance
• Setting of laboratory rules
• Implementation of appropriate networking option
• Provision of technical support

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SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSIONS OF THE FRAMEWORK CONT

• Enhancement of access to resources and
  information
• Hiring of knowledgeable ICT staff
• Establishment of ICT master plan
• Ensuring Appropriateness of technology
• Ensuring Student as well as school staff
  satisfaction
• Institutional sustainability-
• Establishment of a ICT department in a school
  based on proper planning and strong derives
• Teachers decision making about the use of ICT in
  a school
• Establishment of ICT links with external
  organization
• Professional Development of ICT teacher and ICT
  support staff
• Coordination / communication
• Management willingness

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Costs Of Different Types Of Computers
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An Average Cost Of Establishing An ICT Center In
A School With About 300 Students
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Sample network layout
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• CONCLUSION
• In most schools, ICT is not doing well due to
  poor planning, lack of knowledgeable ICT
  personnel and financial constraint.
• Implementation of ICT in high schools in Kenya
  must take into consideration Schools
  traditions, Technical dimension and Financial
  dimension of ICT.
• ICT in high schools is determined by school
  policies which determine the degree to which an
  ICT teacher and/ or coordinator is involved in
  decision-making regarding the development of
  school ICT.
• RECOMMEDATION
• Further research should look at how the ICT
  vendors are main contributors to the problem of
  technical and financial sustainability through
  supply of low quality hardware, software and ICT
  services plus wrong advice to schools and
  evaluate ways of reducing the effect through
  enhancement of ethical issues related to ICT.

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• End
• THANKS