Sociology 336F Immigration and Race Relations in Canada Session 11 Second Generation: Segmented Assi

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Sociology 336FImmigration and Race Relations in
CanadaSession 11Second Generation Segmented
Assimilation?

• Jeffrey G. Reitz
• Department of Sociology
• Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies
• Munk Centre for International Studies
• University of Toronto

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Remaining sessions

• Segmented Assimilation Today
• Session 12 - Racial conflict
• Session 13 - Multiculturalism and race test 3

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Required Readings

• Philip Kasinitz, John Mollenkopf, and Mary
  Waters, Becoming Americans/Becoming New
  Yorkers Immigrant incorporation in a majority
  minority city, pp. 73-90 in J. Reitz (ed.),
  Host Societies and the Reception of Immigrants,
  San Diego, CA Centre for Comparative
  Immigration Studies, 2003.
• Monica Boyd, Educational attainments of
  Immigrant Offspring Success or Segmented
  Assimilation, pp. 91- 117 in J. Reitz (ed.),
  Host Societies and the Reception of Immigrants,
  San Diego, CA Centre for Comparative
  Immigration Studies, 2003.

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Agenda

• Second Generation
• Concept of segmented assimilation and the 2nd
  generation
• U.S. context
• Canadian applicability Segmented assimilation in
  Canada?
• Comparative analysis of 2nd generation
• Social cohesion in 2nd generation

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Findings

• Early Childhood Healthy Immigrant
• Education Varying Attainment
• Labour Market

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Concept of segmented assimilation

• Alejandro Portes and Min Zhou. 1993. The New
  Second Generation Segmented Assimilation and its
  Variants
• Annals of the American Academy of Political and
  Social Sciences 530 (November) 74-96.
• Alternative destinations or segments for West
  Indian immigrants
• African-American community
• West Indian community
• White society
• Implications mobility, identity
• What is mainstream in a multi-ethnic society?

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U.S. context

• West Indian blacks and U.S. society
• Relation between West Indian and African-American
  blacks
• Competition?
• Collaboration?
• Mary Waters, et al.
• Identities
• Mobility and discrimination

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Canadian applicability?

• Implications of difference in racial composition
  of native-born population
• Monica Boyd Education attainment of 2nd
  generation
• Debate occupational mobility and discrimination
  in 2nd generation

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Two analyses of 1996 census( earnings
disadvantage of native-born racial minority men)

• Varying results from same data source
• Most groups negative
• Blacks most negative
• Small sample sizes

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Comparative analysis of blacks and Chinese

• Urban concentrations
• Urban comparisons of educational attainments
• Urban comparisons of earnings
• Segmentation by class and urban area

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Educational attainment of the second generation
United States Canada
Source US CPS 1995-2001, Canada 1996 census
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Educational attainment levels
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Educational attainments within levels
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Educational attainment of the Black second
generation nationally and in immigration
citiesNational UrbanUS Canada US Canada
Source US CPS 1995-2001, Canada 1996 census
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Educational attainment of Chinese second
generation nationally and in immigration
citiesNational UrbanUS Canada US Canada
Source US CPS 1995-2001, Canada 1996 census
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Findings

• High educational attainment for 2nd generation
• Somewhat higher for Chinese
• Educational attainment for 2nd generation higher
  in U.S. than in Canada, same ethnic difference
• Does not support segmented assimilation
• Shows impact of urban concentration
• Suggests lack of social class impact

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Indicators of Social Integration(Ethnic
Diversity Survey)

• Canadian identity
• Citizenship
• Voting
• Sense of belonging
• Trust in people
• Life satisfaction
• Volunteer activities
• Source Jeffrey G. Reitz and Rupa Banerjee,
  "Racial Inequality, Social Cohesion, and Policy
  Issues in Canada," to appear as a chapter in
  Belonging? Diversity, Recognition and Shared
  Citizenship in Canada, edited by Thomas J.
  Courchene, Keith Banting, and Wanda Wuttunee.
  Montreal Institute for Research on Public
  Policy, forthcoming. http//www.utoronto.ca/ethnic
  studies/reitz.html

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Visible minorities less rapid integration

• Most indicators
• Particularly Canadian identity and voting
• All visible minorities affected
• Some group variations
• Second generation most affected
• All visible minorities more negative on all
  indicators

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Conclusions

• Economic integration does not guarantee social
  integration
• Particularly for second generation
• Racial discrimination has significant social
  impact
• despite uncertainties over its extent
• Policies for diversity must address inequality
• Many sectors affect perceptions of racial
  discrimination

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Issues

• To what do immigrants assimilate? Is the concept
  of assimilation meaningful?
• How does segmented assimilation affect the social
  impact of immigration?
• Can segmented assimilation be changed?