Urban Air Quality in South Asia: Status, Challenges and the Need for Partnerships

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Urban Air Quality in South Asia Status,
Challenges and the Need for Partnerships
Cornie Huizenga Executive Director, CAI-Asia
Center ISAS Seminar Singapore, 28 September 2007
Sustainable Urban Mobility in Asia A CAI-Asia
Program
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Outline Presentation

• Overview of AQ status in Asia
• Overview of AQM capabilities in Asia
• AQ priorities for Asia
• Introduction into the CAI-Asia Partnership and
  CAI-Asia Center

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• Part 1
• Where is (South) Asia in terms of Air Quality?

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What is the status of AQM in Asia?
Benchmarking Study Phase 1
Benchmarking Study Phase 2
Country/City Synthesis Reports (CSR)

• Global benchmarking exercise (75 cities from
  Asia, Africa and Latin America)
• Expand to more cities in Asia, e.g. Western China
  region
• Update CSRs on two-yearly basis

• 12 cities in Asia
• benchmarking using questionnaire and short city
  profile information

• 20 cities in Asia
• updated Phase 1 questionnaire
• more comprehensive analysis of air quality levels
  (long-term data), AQ standards and management
  capabilities of cities

• 17 countries and 1 city
• country approach, no scoring of capabilities
• discussion drafts used as inputs for the 1st
  Governmental Meeting on Urban Air Quality in Asia

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Status of Urban Air Quality in Asia
Aggregated Annual Ambient AQ Trends, mg/m3 (1993
to 2005)

• Overall ambient air quality trend in Asia
  continues to improve despite increase in
  motorization and energy use
• Average ambient TSP, PM10 and SO2 trends are
  improving
• Average ambient TSP and PM10, however, continue
  to exceed WHO and USEPA guidelines
• Ambient SO2 in Asia exceeds revised (2005) WHO
  2005 guidelines for SO2
• NO2 close to guidelines
• Insufficient information on O3 for reliable
  trend analysis
• Very little monitoring of VOCs and Heavy Metals.

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Annual Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM10
WHO 2005 IT-1
WHO 2005 IT-2
WHO 2005 IT-3
WHO 2005
USEPA
EU
No annual ambient air quality standards, only
24-hour limits
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PM10 Annual Ambient Concentrations in Asian
Cities vs WHO (1)
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PM10 Annual Ambient Concentrations in Asian
Cities vs WHO (2)
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PM10 Annual Ambient Concentrations in Asian
Cities vs WHO (3)
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PM10 Annual Ambient Concentrations in Asian
Cities vs WHO (4)
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Economic Growth and Emissions Decline US
experience 1970 - 2004
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Economic Growth and Air Pollution Trend Asia
1992 - 2006
Comparisons of Growth Areas and Urban Emission
Concentrations
Electricity Generation, 129
I NCREASE
Energy Consumption, 79
GDP (constant 1990), 65
GDP per cap, 45
Urban population share, 25
DECREAS E
NO2, - 14
PM10, - 20
TSP, - 25
SO2, - 32
Sources BP Statistical Review of World Energy
June 2007 - http//www.bp.com/statisticalreview UN
DESA - http//esa.un.org/unpp
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• Part 2
• Where is (South) Asia in terms of Air Quality
  Management?

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Where is Asia in terms of AQM?

• Cities with high levels of economic development
  tend to have well-developed AQM systems
• Benchmarking of AQM capability can assist cities
  in setting priorities and developing strategies
  for strengthening their AQM capability

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Institutional Capabilities

• Priorities for environmental protection and
  management are still weak in Asia, as a
  consequence institutional capacity for AQM is
  generally also weak
• Though decision-makers are becoming more
  responsive to the clamor of the public for
  environmental policies, such policies can be
  hastily drafted and appropriate resources are not
  usually sufficient to implement the regulations
• There is also a general lack of national or local
  training center to provide AQM training or
  education on a sustained basis

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Successful Control Strategies

• Many Asian countries have been able to implement
  vehicle emissions standards and to some extent
  appropriate fuel quality standards
• The use of cleaner fuels such as CNG for both the
  transport and industrial sector have been used to
  replace dirty fuels
• Several South Asian cities have been successful
  in banning dirty 2-stroke three-wheelers
• China has been able to remove a large number of
  pollutive SMEs within the city limits
• Nepal has been successful in relocating dirty
  brick kilns outside Kathmandu and adopting
  cleaner brick kiln technologies

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• Part 3
• AQM priorities for (South) Asia

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Air pollution linkages of urban, national,
regional, and hemispheric scale
Hemispheric
Regional
Region
National
Urban

• The better understanding of the linkages of
  urban, national, regional and hemispheric air
  pollution is important to improve the formulation
  and implementation of more effective control
  strategies
• The increasing interaction between different
  levels of AQM stakeholders has helped with the
  transfer of knowledge among Asian countries and
  the developed world

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Co-benefits Approach
Economic Growth/ Poverty Alleviation
Urban Air Quality Management should be integrated
with Climate Change Mitigation at the Urban Scale
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Overall Goals and Priorities for AQM

• Overall goal is the improvement of urban air
  quality while simultaneously ensuring that
  continued economic growth results in poverty
  reduction and social development
• Priorities for Asian cities with relatively lower
  AQM capability establishing or strengthening AQ
  monitoring system and basic control strategies
• Priorities for Asian cities with higher AQM
  capability focus on improving emission data,
  pursue transportation demand management and
  integrate local air pollution control measures
  with transboundary air pollution and GHG
  abatement

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Priorities for AQM (1)

• Pollutants of concern
• Continue the regulation and control of SO2, NO2,
  CO, and move from TSP control to PM10 and PM2.5
• Start or intensify the regulation and control of
  O3
• Promote more control measures dealing with metals
  and air toxics
• Ambient Air Quality and Emissions Standards
• Update Ambient AQ standards based on the 2005 WHO
  guideline values
• Develop standards for PM2.5
• Establishment of stricter vehicle emissions and
  fuel quality standards with clear roadmaps for
  implementation
• Tighten and enforce emissions standards for
  heavy-duty vehicles and as well as for motorized
  2-3 wheelers
• Update emissions standards for stationary sources
  and consider mass-based standards as oppose to
  volume-based emissions standards

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Priorities for AQM (2)

• Promote and adoption of a systems approach
• A systems approach will require more and better
  AQ monitoring
• Develop integrated emissions inventories for air
  pollutants and GHGs
• Strengthen AQ modeling capacity
• Analyzing and linking control measures of urban
  national regional hemispheric air pollution
• Measures aimed at controlling hemispheric,
  regional will benefit urban air quality
  management
• Adopt regional AQM control approaches, such as
  those in being done in the Yangtze Delta in
  Shanghai and the Mumbai-Pune area in India
• Hemispheric transport of pollutants between Asia,
  Europe, and North America affects local urban air
  quality in these continents and control measures
  to address hemispheric transport also improves
  urban air quality

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Priorities for AQM (3)

• AQM Control Strategies
• Mobile Sources (tail-pipe and non tail-pipe)
• Establish roadmaps for vehicle emissions and fuel
  standards which can result to wide-spread
  implementation of emission control devices and
  establish comprehensive I/M system
• Development and adoption of fuel efficiency
  standards
• Prioritize improvement of public transportation
  and non-motorized transportation
• Develop and implement more transportation demand
  management measures
• Stationary Sources
• Develop and/or update emissions standards for
  stationary sources and reduce sulfur levels in
  bunker fuel
• Control emissions from SMEs
• Area Sources
• Adopt measures to control re-suspended dust from
  road and construction activities
• Ban open burning of garbage in urban areas

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• Part 4 CAI-Asia Partnership and
• the CAI-Asia Center

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CAI-Asia Structure

• Established in 2001, CAI-Asia is widely
  acknowledged for its role as regional convener
  and information exchange facilitator on the
  subject of urban air quality in Asia.
• To ensure the sustainability of CAI-Asia, a new
  organizational structure was approved by the
  CAI-Asia General Assembly in December 2006.

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Introduction and Mission of CAI-Asia Center

• CAI-Asia Center was established in June 2007 as a
  non-stock, non-profit corporation in the
  Philippines
• CAI-Asia Center shares the mission of the
  CAI-Asia Partnership i.e. to promote and
  demonstrate innovative ways to improve the air
  quality of Asian cities through partnerships and
  sharing experiences
• CAI-Asia Center business plan aims to contribute
  to the implementation of the CAI-Asia Partnership
  Strategy
• Members of the CAI-Asia Partnership are
  encouraged to undertake activities to support the
  implementation of the Partnership Strategy

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CAI-Asia Partnership Membership
CITIES Dhaka, Bangladesh Chittagong,
Bangladesh Phnom Penh, Cambodia Chengdu,
China Chongqing, China Hangzhou, China Harbin,
China Guangzhou, China Tianjin, China Hyderabad,
India Mumbai, India Pune, India Jakarta,
Indonesia Surabaya, Indonesia Yogyakarta,
Indonesia Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Kathmandu,
Nepal Lahore, Pakistan Islamabad, Pakistan MMDA,
Philippines Makati, Philippines Naga,
Philippines Singapore NEA Colombo, Sri
Lanka Bangkok, Thailand Chang Mai,
Thailand Haiphong, Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Ho Chi
Minh City, Vietnam

• 56 NGOs and Academic Institutions in the Region

• Government Agencies
• Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board
• Balochistan EPA, Pakistan
• Central Pollution Control Board, India
• Department of Energy, Philippines
• Department of Environment and Natural Resources
  (DENR), Philippines
• Department of Environment, Bangladesh
• Department of Forest, Ecology and Environment,
  India
• Department of Transportation and Communications,
  Philippines
• Dhaka Transport Coordination Board, Bangladesh
• Environmental Management Bureau (EMB),
  Philippines
• Environmental Management Bureau, Ministry of the
  Environment, Japan
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
  Afghanistan

• Environmental Protection Department of Hong Kong
  SAR (EPD)
• Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan
• Ministry of Environment, Cambodia
• Ministry of Environment, Indonesia
• Ministry of Public Works and Transport, Cambodia
• Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, India
• Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency
  (Pak-EPA)
• Pollution Control Department (PCD), Thailand
• SUPARCO
• Sindh Environmental Protection Agency
• State Environmental Protection Administration
  (SEPA)
• Vietnam Register

DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES Asian Development
Bank German Agency for Technical Cooperation
(GTZ) Government of Finland Government of
Japan Government of Norway Government of the
Netherlands Hewlett Foundation IUCN - The World
Conservation Union Sida The World
Bank USAID/USAEP United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA)
FULL PRIVATE SECTOR Member Shell ASSOCIATE
PRIVATE SECTOR Member Asian Clean Fuels
Association (ACFA) Corning Incorporated
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CAIAsia Center Structure
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Goals and Objectives of the CAI-Asia Partnership
and Center

• CAI-Asia adopts a framework that focuses on
  knowledge management, capacity building, policy
  development and lobbying and facilitation of
  increased projects and investments to improve AQ
  in Asia

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CAI-Asia Center Outputs 2007-2008
Organizational Development The CAI-Asia Center
established as an independent legal entity (i.e.,
all administrative and financial procedures are
functioning smoothly, ensuring its sustainability)
Knowledge Management The CAI-Asia Center is
accepted as an authoritative, knowledge base on
urban air quality in Asia
Capacity Building The CAI-Asia Center is able
to contribute to the generation of adequate
capacity for effective urban AQM in Asia
Networking and Policy Development The CAI-Asia
Center is able to expand its role as convener of
AQM-related policy forums
Investment and Implementation Facilitation The
CAI-Asia Center has contributed to the
identification of financing models for effective
urban AQM in Asia and has assisted in raising
funds for the development and implementation of
AQM programs and projects
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Existing and Planned CAI-Asia Local Networks

• Existing Local Networks
• China
• CAI-Asia China Project
• Indonesia
• Mitra Emisi Bersih
• Nepal
• Clean Air Network-Nepal
• Pakistan
• Pakistan Clean Air Network
• Philippines
• Partnership for Clean Air
• Sri Lanka
• CleanAirSL
• Viet Nam
• Vietnam Clean Air Partnership
• Establish New Networks
• 2007-2008
• India

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Roles of local networks

• Centers of knowledge on air quality
• Facilitators of air quality activities
• Training
• Projects
• Conveners of policy forums

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CAI-Asia Programs and Projects

• Core Projects
• Large regional projects with CAI-Asia Center as
  the direct implementing organization, except in
  the case of PAPA
• Projects with CAI-Asia as one of the implementing
  organizations
• Programs and projects being developed and
  implemented with CAI-Asia local networks and
  other organizations

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Core CAI-Asia Center Programs and Projects
(2007 2009) - SUMA

• Sustainable Urban Mobility in Asia (SUMA)
• Program focuses on (i) improving urban air
  quality, (ii) improving road safety, and (iii)
  reducing transports contribution to climate
  change
• The outcome of the program is to accelerate the
  development of capacity for urban AQM and SUT in
  through better integration of AQM and SUT in the
  strategies, policies, programs and projects of
  developing countries in Asia as well as
  development agencies
• The program has 6 key outputs (i) knowledge
  management, (ii) capacity building, (iii) policy
  development, (iv) networking, (v) pilot programs
  and projects, and (vi) program management
• Implemented in partnership with EMBARQ WRI,
  UNCRD, GTZ-SUTP, I-CE, and ITDP and supported by
  ADB and Sida

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Core CAI-Asia Center Programs and Projects
(2007 2009) - M3

• Mainstreaming Cobenefits to Climate Change
  Mitigation, Energy Management and Air Quality
  Management in Asia (M3)
• Project will contribute towards encouraging and
  enabling the decision-makers in Asia to
  internalize the linkages between energy
  management, air quality management and climate
  change mitigation and start to address them in an
  integrated manner
• Expected to be funded by the Government of Norway
  and will be implemented by the CAI-Asia Center in
  collaboration with the NILU, SFT, CICERO, ECON,
  US EPA and AWMA

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Core CAI-Asia Center Programs and Projects
(2007 2009) KM-ICT

• Knowledge Management and Information
  Communication Technology in Advancing AQM in Asia
  (KM-ICT)
• Project will (i) establish and support a
  dedicated online AQ knowledge-base, (ii) build
  capacity in selected countries through web-based
  communication applications to help AQM
  stakeholders and (iii) facilitate AQM policy
  development through innovative online
  communication tools
• Proposal under development for the ADBs e-Asia
  and Knowledge Partnership Fund established by the
  Government of Korea

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Core CAI-Asia Center Programs and Projects
(2007 2009) PAPA

• Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia (PAPA)
  program
• Program documents and synthesizes existing
  research on health impacts of urban air pollution
  in Asia and builds capacity of local scientists
  to conduct health studies that are of direct use
  in the decision making process
• The program started in 2002 and is now coming to
  a close, however, but Phase 2 is being considered
  
• Implemented by HEI through a series of grants
  from US institutions

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Better Air Quality (BAQ) Workshops
BAQ 2008 November 2008 Bangkok?

• BAQ workshops have become the leading event on
  urban air quality in Asia.
• BAQ workshops have had great impact on raising
  the profile of AQM in Asia.
• Since 2002 about 2,500 decision makers have
  participated in BAQ workshops.
• BAQ workshops have helped to shape policy
  processes.
• BAQ 2008 possibly to be organized in Bangkok,
  Thailand

www.baq2003.org www.baq2004.org www.baq2006.org