The Chemistry of Life

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The Chemistry of Life
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Part IVOrganic Chemistry and Macromolecules
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Life Substances

• The Role of Carbon in Organisms
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Enzymes

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Role of Carbon

• Organic Molecules molecules containing carbon
• Carbon has the atomic number of 6.
• How many valence electrons available for covalent
  bonding does it have______?

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Role of Carbon

• Carbon has 4 electrons for bonding
• 4 single bonds, 2 double bonds, 1 triple bond
• Can form straight or branched chains, or rings
• Multiple bonding allows for HUGE number of
  structures

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Role of Carbon

• Isomers
• Same chemical formula, different structures
• C6H12O6 glucose, galactose, fructose,

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Functional Groups

• These groups are frequently bonded to carbon to
  form the organic molecules that make up living
  things.
• Hydroxyl -OH alcohols
• Carbonyl -CO aldehydes ketones
• Carboxyl -COOH aka carboxylic acids
• Amino -NH2 amines
• Sulfydryl -SH thiols
• Phosphate -PO4 energy storage in ATP!

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Molecular Chains

• Compounds contain different numbers of carbon
  atoms, 1 1000s
• Large organic compounds are called biomolecules
• A polymer is a large molecule formed from many
  small molecules bound together

• Monomer subunit or building block of a polymer

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Molecular Chains

• Many polymers formed through Condensation
• Remove an H from one molecule
• Remove an OH from another
• Bond forms between molecule, H and OH form water

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• Macromolecules

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Macromolecules

• Large organic polymers
• 4 types in living organisms
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

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Carbohydrates

• Living things use carbohydrates as their main
  source of energy
• Plants and some animals also use carbs for
  structural purposes

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Carbohydrates

• Bio-molecule composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and
  Oxygen
• 121
• Simple Sugars - Monosaccharide
• Glucose, Fructose, Galactose (ISOMERS!)
• C6H12O6

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Carbohydrates

• Disaccharide 2 Monosaccharides combined
  together
• Sucrose
• Complex Sugars Polysaccharides
• Starch, glycogen, cellulose

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Lipids

• Pre-curser Fatty Acids
• Used to store energy AND important part of
  membranes waterproof coverings.
• Growth repair, energy (secondary)
• Steroids
• Saturated unsaturated

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Lipids

• Large bio-molecules made of mostly carbon and
  hydrogen with some oxygen
• Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
• Nonpolar
• Glycerol 3 fatty acids

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Lipids

• Saturated
• No double bonds, saturated with Hydrogens
• Unsaturated
• Some double bonds, less hydrogens than saturated

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Proteins

• Pre-cursor amino acids
• Peptide bond connecting amino acids
• Shape determines function
• VERY diverse group Acidic, basic, charged, not
  charged, big, small
• Proteins have a LOT of functions
• Transport O2
• Contracting muscles
• metabolism
• Immunity
• Changes reaction rates etc enzymes speed up etc
• Growth
• Repair
• Comprise hormones
• Energy
• Enzymes!

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Proteins

• Consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
  and sometimes sulfur
• Amino Acids
• 20, building blocks of proteins
• Peptide Bond
• Covalent bond between AA

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Enzymes

• A protein that changes the rate of a chemical
  reaction
• Depend on temperature, ionic conditions, pH
• Act in a lock and key mechanism

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Nucleic Acids

• Formed from nucleotides
• Sugar
• Phosphate
• Base
• The blueprint, database, instructions for who we
  are!
• Two types DNA RNA

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Nucleic Acids

• A complex biomolecule that stores cellular
  information in a code
• Small units called Nucleotide
• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
• Nitrogenous Base
• Simple Sugar
• Phosphate Group
• DNA, RNA
• DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
• RNA Ribonucleic acid