Type of Space Frame structure

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Type of Space Frame structure
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• The Three Gorges Project is a magnificent project
  spanning the century. Its warehouse has a total
  length of 642.7m and a width of 39.0m. There are
  two 1200T bridge cranes and two 125T small bridge
  cranes in the workshop. The roof load is
  relatively large. The roof adopts a square cone
  welded ball space frame. The frame structure and
  the space frame structure are supported on the
  upstream and downstream wall structures. The
  space frame structure participates in the overall
  function of the warehouse structure, and the load
  combination is very complicated.

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? . The form and selection of space frame

• 1. The characteristics of the space frame
• 2. The form of the space frame structure
• 3. Selection of space frame structure

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1. The characteristics of the space frame

• The space frame structure is a spatial dumpling
  connecting rod structure, which is a spatial
  high-order statically indeterminate structure
  system with good mechanical performance.
• advantage
• Space structure, less steel consumption,
  economical
• Wide application range and strong
  adaptability
• The overall rigidity is large, the stability
  is good, the shock resistance is good, and the
  safety reserve is high
• Flexible shape, convenient layout, beautiful
  and lightweight
• Industrial production

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2. The form of the space frame structure

• 1. The space frame structure is divided into
  double-layer space frame and multi-layer
  (three-layer) space frame according to the number
  of layers.
• 2. The double-layer space frame is composed of
  the upper mystical layer, the abdominal poles,
  and the lower mystical layer.
• 3. The three-layer space frame is composed of
  upper, middle, lower, upper and lower abdomen
  layers.

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Double-layer space frame form

• 1. Plane quilting system 1 Two-way orthogonal
  placement 2. Two-way orthogonal oblique placement
  3. Two-way oblique intersecting oblique placement
  4. Three-way space frame
• 2. Quadrangular pyramid system 1. Positive
  quadrangular pyramid system 2. Positive discharge
  quadrangular pyramid system 3. Unidirectional
  polyline space frame 4. Oblique quadrangular
  pyramid system 5. Checkerboard quadrangular
  pyramid space frame 6. Star quadrangular pyramid
• 3. Triangular cone system 1. Triangular cone
  space frame
• 2. Evacuate triangular cone space frame 3.
  Honeycomb triangular cone space frame

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(1), two-way orthogonal positive-laying space
frame

• The two-direction orthogonal right-laying is
  formed by the vertical crossing of two-direction
  plane trusses. When applied in a rectangular
  building plan, the two-way quilting is
  perpendicular to the boundary (parallel)
• The number of space frame in the two
  directions should be arranged in an even number.
  If it is an odd number, the internodes in the
  middle of the quilt should be made into cross
  webs.
• Because the space frame composed of the
  upper and lower chords of the space frame is
  rectangular, the webs are in the plane of the
  upper and lower chords, which is geometrically
  variable.

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• The force of the two-way orthogonal
  orthographic space frame is similar to the
  two-way equal-rigidity cross beam, which varies
  with the plane size and supporting conditions.
  For peripheral support, the closer the plane size
  is to the square, the closer the internal forces
  of the quilting rods in the two directions, and
  the more significant the spatial effect. But with
  the increase of the side length ratio, the
  one-way force transmission effect increases
  obviously. For the point-supported space frame,
  the internal force of the rod near the support
  and the rod of the main quilt is larger, and the
  internal force of the rods in other parts is
  small, and the difference between the two is
  large.

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• Two-way Orthogonal Space Frame

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(2) Two-way orthogonal diagonally placed space
frame

• The two-way orthogonal diagonal space frame is
  formed by the vertical cross of the two-way flat
  quilting frame. When applied in the rectangular
  building plan, the angle between the two-way
  frame and the boundary is 45 degrees. It can be
  understood as a two-way orthogonal orthographic
  space frame that rotates at an angle of 45
  degrees when it is placed on the building plane.
  The span of the two directions of the two-way
  orthogonal diagonal space frame frame is
  different, the number of nodes is more or less,
  and the short bracket near the corner is more
  rigid, and it supports the long quilt
  perpendicular to it. Reducing the force on the
  mid-span chord of the long quilted frame is
  beneficial to the force on the space frame frame.

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Two-way orthogonal diagonally placed space frame
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Two synchro diagonally placed space frame
Three-way space frame
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(4) Three-way space frame

• The three-way space frame is composed of three
  quilting frames intersecting each other at an
  angle of 60 degrees. The space frames of the
  upper and lower chord planes of this type of
  space frame are regular triangles, which are
  geometrically invariant, with large spatial
  rigidity, good force performance, and the support
  force is relatively uniform, but the members that
  meet at a node can reach as many as 13 The root
  and node structure is more complicated, and
  welded hollow sphere nodes should be used.
  Three-way space frames are suitable for larger
  spans (greater than 60 meters), and the building
  planes are triangles, hexagons, polygons and
  circles. When used for circular planes, some
  non-triangular space frames will appear around
  them.

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(5), forward quadrangular pyramid system
Basic unit of quadrangular pyramid system
Square pyramid space frame
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• The quadrangular pyramid space frame frame is
  composed of inverted quadrangular pyramids, the
  four sides of the cone bottom are the upper
  chords of the space frame, the cone edges are the
  webs, and the tops of the cones are connected to
  form the lower chord. When the building plane is
  rectangular, the upper and lower chords are
  parallel (perpendicular) to the boundary. The
  upper and lower nodes are respectively connected
  with 8 rods, and the node structure is relatively
  uniform. If the dimensions of the two directions
  of the space frame are equal, the angle between
  the web rod and the lower chord plane is 45
  degrees, h0.7s (h is the height of the space
  frame, s is the space frame size), and the
  lengths of the upper and lower chords and the web
  rod are equal, so that the rod Piece
  standardization. The space rigidity of the square
  pyramid space frame frame is larger than that of
  other types of square pyramid space frame frame
  and two-way space frame frame, and the amount of
  steel used may be slightly higher. This kind of
  space frame is widely used at home and abroad due
  to standardization of rods and unified nodes,
  which is convenient for factory production.

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(6), the quadrangular pyramid space frame is
being discharged and evacuated

• The positive discharge and evacuated quadrangular
  pyramid space frame is based on the positive
  quadrangular pyramid space frame, and some of the
  web and lower chords in the quadrangular pyramid
  units are appropriately removed, so that the
  space frame size of the bottom chord is twice as
  large as the space frame size of the top chord.
• The number of rods of this kind of space frame is
  small, the total number of web rods is about 3/4
  of the total number of the web rods of the
  quadrangular pyramid space frame frame, and the
  lower chord is reduced by about 1/2, so the
  structure is simple and the economic effect is
  better.
• As the surrounding space frames are not suitable
  for drawing rods, the number of space frames in
  the two directions should be odd. If h0.7s, the
  lengths of the upper and lower chords and webs
  are equal. The force of this kind of space frame
  is similar to that of the orthogonal cross beam
  system, and the stiffness is weaker than that of
  a quadrangular pyramid.

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Positively placed quadrangular cone evacuated
space frame
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(7), one-way broken line space frame

• The one-way broken-line space frame is a space
  frame made up of a quadrangular pyramid space
  frame without the vertical upper and lower
  chords, and a circle of longitudinal upper chords
  is reserved around it, which is suitable for
  peripheral support.
• The quadrangular pyramid space frame is placed in
  the front, and it is used when the aspect ratio
  is greater than 3 in the case of peripheral
  support. The unidirectional broken-line space
  frame is in a state of unidirectional force, and
  the force is transmitted by a V-shaped truss. It
  is more rigid than a simple plane truss, and no
  support system is required. All members are
  stressed members. .

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One-way polyline space frame
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(8). Place the quadrangular pyramid space frame
diagonally

• The diagonally placed quadrangular pyramid space
  frame is also composed of inverted quadrangular
  pyramids. The upper chord space frame is placed
  orthogonally, and the bottom chord space frame is
  placed orthogonally that is, the bottom chord is
  perpendicular (or parallel) to the boundary, and
  the top chord is at 45 degrees to the boundary.
  Angle. The length of the upper chord of this kind
  of space frame is equal to 0.7 times the length
  of the lower chord. In the case of peripheral
  support, the upper chord is compressed and the
  lower chord is tensioned. The space frame
  reflects the tension of the long rod and the
  compression of the short rod, so the force of the
  rods is reasonable. In addition, there are
  relatively few members that meet at the nodes (6
  upper chord nodes and 8 lower chord nodes). When
  the height of the space frame is half the length
  of the lower chord, the upper chord and the
  diagonal web are the same length. This kind of
  space frame is suitable for surrounding support,
  with simple node structure, reasonable force on
  rods, and less steel consumption. It is also a
  form that is widely used in domestic engineering.

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Inclined quadrangular pyramid space frame
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(9). Checkerboard-shaped quadrangular pyramid
space frame

• The checkerboard-shaped quadrangular pyramid
  space frame is named because its shape is similar
  to that of a chess board. On the basis of the
  quadrangular pyramid, except for the surrounding
  quadrangular pyramid, the middle quadrangular
  pyramid is emptied, the lower chord is placed
  orthogonally, the upper chord is orthogonally
  placed, and the lower chord is at an angle of 45
  degrees with the boundary, and the upper chord is
  placed at an angle of 45 degrees. The rod is
  perpendicular (or parallel) to the boundary. It
  can also be understood as the diagonally placed
  quadrangular pyramid net frame rotated 45 degrees
  around the vertical axis. This kind of space
  frame also has the advantages of short upper
  chord and lower chord length, and there are few
  intersecting rods on the nodes, and the roof
  panel has a single specification, which is
  suitable for peripheral support.

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Checkerboard-shaped quadrangular pyramid space
frame
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(10). Star-shaped quadrangular pyramid space frame

• The star-shaped quadrangular pyramid space frame
  is made up of two inverted triangular small
  trusses crossing each other. The bottom side of
  the two small quilts constitute the upper chord
  of the space frame, the upper chord is placed
  orthogonally and diagonally, the vertices of each
  unit are connected to form the bottom chord, and
  the bottom chord is placed orthogonally. The
  upper chords are in the same plane.
• This kind of space frame also has the
  characteristics of short upper chord and lower
  chord length, and the force of the rods is
  reasonable. When the height of the space frame is
  equal to the length of the upper chord, the upper
  chord is the same length as the vertical rod, and
  the oblique web is the same length as the lower
  chord. This kind of space frame is suitable for
  peripheral support.

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Star-shaped quadrangular pyramid space frame
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(11). Triangular cone space frame

• The triangular pyramid system space frame is
  composed of inverted triangular pyramids. The
  basic unit is a triangular cone.
• The triangular pyramid space frame is composed of
  inverted triangular pyramids. Both the upper and
  lower chord planes are equilateral triangle
  meshes. The vertex of the lower chord triangle is
  on the centroid projection line of the upper
  mystic triangle mesh. The force of the triangular
  space frame is uniform. If the height of the
  space frame is 2/3 ½ times the space frame
  size, the upper and lower chords and web members
  of the space frame are of equal length. The
  number of intersecting rods at the upper and
  lower chord nodes are both 9, and the node
  structure types are uniform. Triangular cone
  space frame is generally suitable for large and
  medium-span buildings and heavy roof buildings.
  It is most suitable when the building plan is
  triangular, hexagonal or circular.

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Triangular cone space frame
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(12). Evacuate the triangular cone space frame

• The evacuated triangular pyramid space frame is
  based on the triangular pyramid space frame, and
  some of the webs and lower chords in the
  triangular cones are appropriately removed, so
  that the upper chord mesh is still triangles, and
  the lower chord mesh is a combination of
  triangles and hexagons or all six. For the
  combination of polygonal shapes, the rule of
  taper tapping in the former is none of the space
  frames along the periphery of the space frame
  will taper, and the inside will be separated from
  the second circle along three directions to
  extract a triangular cone. There is a hatched
  part in the figure. To remove the mesh of the
  cone. The latter starts from the surrounding
  space frame, and draws one at two intervals along
  three directions. The hatched part in the figure
  is the space frame with the cone removed. The
  evacuated triangular pyramid space frame has many
  rods removed, and the overall rigidity is not as
  good as the dipyramidal space frame. It is
  suitable for small and medium-span triangular,
  hexagonal and circular building planes.

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Evacuate the triangular cone space frame
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(13). Honeycomb space frame

• The honeycomb triangular pyramid space frame is
  composed of inverted triangular pyramids arranged
  according to a certain rule. The upper chord
  space frame is triangular and hexagonal, and the
  lower chord space frame is hexagonal. The upper
  chord of this kind of space frame is shorter, the
  lower chord is longer, and the force is
  reasonable. Each node only converges with 6 rods,
  the node structure is unified, and the amount of
  steel used is less. The honeycomb triangular
  pyramid space frame frame itself is geometrically
  variable. It needs to rely on the horizontal
  restraint of the support to ensure that its
  geometry remains unchanged. Attention should be
  paid to the construction and installation. The
  analysis shows that the internal forces of the
  lower chord and web members and the vertical
  reaction force of the support can be obtained
  from the static balance condition, and the
  internal force of the upper chord is determined
  according to the horizontal restraint of the
  support. This kind of space frame is suitable for
  surrounding small and medium span roofs.

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Honeycomb space frame