Prepoved kartelnih sporazumov,

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Prepoved kartelnih sporazumov,

• sklepov združenj in usklajenega delovanja (81 PES)

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81 PES
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Namen 81. clena PES

• Prepoved omejevalnih sporazumov
• Horizontalnih
• Vertikalnih

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Struktura 81. clena 1. odst.

• Vsebuje prepoved sodelovanja (collusion) ki ima
  za posledico
• .
• navaja tipicne primere
• Dokazati obstoj naslednjih elementov
• vec podjetij
• sodelovanje (collusion)
• ki ima namen ali ucinek v omejevanju konkurence
  (preprecevanje, omejevanje ali izkrivljanje )
• zadosten ucinek na konkurenco
• zadosten ucinek na trgovanje med DC

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Struktura 81. clena

• 2. Odst sankcija-
• avtomaticno nicnost (delna nicnost ECJ)
• 3. odst - izjeme
• 1. odst. se ne uporablja za sporazume, ki
  izpolnjujejo 4 pogoje (2, 2-)
• pozitivnih ucinkov vec kot negativnih

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Izjeme

• Stari sistem
• predhodno (ex ante) dodeljena izjema (K)
• Individualna (notifikacija)
• Skupinska (block exemption)
• Novi sistem
• UVK-DC (ex post)
• K skupinske izjeme ostanejo

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Posledice kršitve

• Nicnost
• Preiskava, kazni (K)
• Preiskava, kazni (DC-UVK)
• Za podjetja
• Za posameznike
• Odškodnine v civilnih postopkih

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Dokazno breme?

• The presumption of innocence resulting in
  particular from Article 6(2) of the European
  Convention on Human Rights is one of the
  fundamental rights which, are protected in the
  Community legal order the principle of the
  presumption of innocence applies to the
  procedures relating to infringements of the
  competition rules applicable to undertakings that
  may result in the imposition of fines or periodic
  penalty payments. (Hülst v. Commission)

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Generalna klavzula (81/1)

• Kot nezdružljivi s skupnim trgom so prepovedani
  vsi sporazumi med podjetji, sklepi podjetniških
  združenj in usklajena ravnanja, ki bi lahko
  prizadeli trgovino med državami clanicami in
  katerih cilj oziroma posledica je preprecevanje,
  omejevanje ali izkrivljanje konkurence na skupnem
  trgu

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Elementi generalne klavzule

• Podjetje
• Podjetniško združenje
• Sporazum
• Sklep
• Usklajeno ravnanje
• Namen ali ucinek je preprecevanje omejevanje ali
  izkrivljanje konkurence
• Vpliv na konkurenco
• Vpliv na trgovino med DC

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Podjetje

• Vsaka enota, ki izvršuje gospodarsko dejavnost ne
  glede na pravno-organizacijsko obliko in vire
  financiranja (Höfner Elser v Macroton,
  (C-41/90 1991)),

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Združenje podjetij

• BNIC), v Guy Clair Case 123/83
• Ni pomembna organizacijska oblika, pravna
  osebnost
• Važno, da odlocitev vpliva na ravnanje clanov
• Razlika med združenjem in podjetjem (koncern)

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Sporazum c.a.

• 81 prepoveduje sodelovanje
• Vec subjektov
• Odnos med oblikami sodelovanja

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Vsebina

• Dolocanje cen
• Dolocanje obsega proizvodnje/prodaje
• Delitev trgov, odjemalcev, geografskih podrocij

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Sporazumi, sklepi in usklajena delovanja

• The list in Article 81(1) of the Treaty is
  intended to apply to all collusion between
  undertakings, whatever the form it takes. There
  is continuity between the cases listed. The only
  essential thing is the distinction between
  independent conduct, which is allowed, and
  collusion, which is not, regardless of any
  distinction between types of collusion.

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Sporazum

• the existence of a concurrence of wills between
  at least two parties, the form in which it is
  manifested being unimportant so long as it
  constitutes the faithful expression of the
  parties' intention. (Bayer AG v Commission ,
  Case T-41/96, ECR 2000 II-03383)

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Sporazum

• Agreement, Vereinbarung
• Pojem ni enak kot v civilnem pravu
• skupna volja glede preprecevanja
• Najmanj 2 subjekta
• Enostransko ravnanje
• Dogovori znotraj koncernov

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Sporazum

• Zadostuje tudi gentlemen's agreement (Quinine).
• Ni treba, da je pravno zavezujoc,
• Oblika ni važna, lahko se obstoj destilira iz
  okolišcin.
• Lahko se na obstoj sklepa na podlagi daljšega
  poslovnega odnosa med strankama.

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Prisotnost na sestankih

• the fact that Air Liquide and Westfalen
  participated in several meetings, and that the
  object of these meetings was to restrict
  competition, is confirmed by the documentary
  evidence in the Commission's file. The finding
  that the behaviour described constitutes
  agreements within the meaning of Article 81(1) of
  the Treaty is not altered even if it is
  established that one or more participants had no
  intention to implement the joint intentions
  expressed by them.

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• Having regard to the manifestly anti-competitive
  nature of the meetings at which intentions were
  expressed, the undertakings concerned, by taking
  part without publicly distancing themselves, gave
  the other participants the impression that they
  subscribed to what was discussed and would act in
  conformity with it. The notion of "agreement" is
  objective in nature. The actual motives (and
  hidden intentions) which underlay the behaviour
  adopted are irrelevant. (Industrial and Medical
  Gases 2003 OJ L84/1)

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Sporazum sklenjen pod prisilo

• Naceloma kaznivo
• Lahko se oprosti kazen pri malih podjetjih
• Proti lastnemu ekonomskemu interesu (npr. mora
  pristati na prepoved izvoza)

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Ravnanje podrejenih

• Ni treba odlocitev vodstva
• Tudi ce podrejeni niso ravnali po nalogu vodstva
• Pravo ES ne predvideva sankcij proti posameznim
  uslužbencem

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Horizontalni sporazumi
P4
P1
P2
P3
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Vertikalni sporazumi
P
GU-SLO
D-MB
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Consten Grundig

• Consten je bil ekskluzivni distributer
  Grundigovih izdelkov v Franciji. Prav takoje imel
  ekskluzivno pravico v Franciji uporabljati
  Grundigovo blagovno znamko GINT (Grundig
  International). V skladu s pogodbo Consten ni
  smel prodajati konkurencnih izdelkov drugih
  proizvajalcev. Komisija je odlocila, da pogodba
  med Constenom in Grundigom krši 81. clen PES.
  Consten je vložil pravno sredstvo pri SES.

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Vertikalni sporazumi
P
GU-SLO
GU-H
GU-A
D-BP
D-GRZ
D-MB
D-LJ
D-KP
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Enostransko ravnanje in sporazum

• ECJ The only essential thing is the distinction
  between independent conduct, which is allowed,
  and collusion, which is not...
• 81. in 82. clen PES
• Sandoz export prohibited
• Selektivni distribucijski sistemi
• AEG
• Bayer

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Enostransko ravnanje

• A refusal by a manufacturer to approve
  distributors who satisfy the qualitative criteria
  of his system of selective distribution does not
  constitute, on the part of the undertaking,
  unilateral conduct On the contrary, such an
  attitude forms part of the contractual relations
  between the undertaking and resellers, since the
  admission of a distributor is based on the
  acceptance, tacit or express, by the contracting
  parties of the policy pursued by the undertaking,
  which requires inter alia the exclusion from the
  network of distributors who are qualified for
  admission but are not prepared to adhere to that
  policy.(AEG v. Commission, 107/82, (1983) ECR
  3151) )