K: Plantae Div: Sphenophyta horsetails or scouring rushes

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K Plantae Div Sphenophytahorsetails or
scouring rushes

• 1. Silica in cell walls.
• 2. Leaves microphyllous small and scalelike
  form whorls at nodes.
• 3. Vegetative and fertile shoots.
• 4. Large sporophyte (2n)
• small gametophyte (n) - both
• independent.
• 5. Extensive rhizomes with roots
• that branch irregularly.
• 6. All branching (leaves roots)
• whorled at nodes.
• 7. Growth from the base of each
• segment (intercalary).
• 8. Are homosporous.

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K Plantae Div Sphenophytahorsetails or
scouring rushes

• Intercalary meristem
• adds length to the internodes

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K Plantae Div Sphenophytahorsetails or
scouring rushes
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K Plantae Div Sphenophytahorsetails or
scouring rushes

• All of the silicified cells are in the
  epidermis.
• Stomates of epidermis sunken in E. hymanale.
• Carinal canals for water conduction.
• Central canal and vallecular canals
• for gas exchange.
• Root is protostelic
• Stem is eustelic at internodes
• Stem is siphonstelic at nodes
  
• Endodermis
• outside layer around stele
• Pericycle
• single cell layer just inside of endodermis
• gives rise to branch roots

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K Plantae Div Sphenophytahorsetails or
scouring rushes
Stomate - guard and subsidiary cells
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K Plantae Div Sphenophytahorsetails or
scouring rushes

• Reproduction homosporous

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K Plantae Div Sphenophytahorsetails or
scouring rushes

• Reproduction homosporous
• sporangiophore and sporangia

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K Plantae Div Sphenophytahorsetails or
scouring rushes

• Reproduction homosporous
• tapetum and tapetal plasmodium

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K Plantae Div Sphenophytahorsetails or
scouring rushes

• Reproduction homosporous
• green spores germinate quickly.

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K Plantae Div Sphenophytahorsetails or
scouring rushes

• Reproduction homosporous
• spores with elators

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K Plantae Div Sphenophytahorsetails or
scouring rushes

• Reproduction homosporous
• green spores germinate quickly.

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K Plantae Div Sphenophytahorsetails or
scouring rushes

• Reproduction homosporous
• meiosis
• spores (n) germinate ----------gt gametophyte (n)
• 2 types of gameophytes male or female -
  dioecious
• Or female --gt archegonia --gt archegonia
  antheridia
• 
  (protogynous)

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K Plantae Div Sphenophytahorsetails or
scouring rushes

• Reproduction homosporous
• fertilization --gt zygote (2n) --gt sporophyte (2n)
  

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K Plantae Div PsilophytaWhisk Ferns

• Evolved during the late Devonian Period (approx.
  375 mya)

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K Plantae Div PsilophytaWhisk Ferns

• 1. Plant Body (2n) composed of thin dichotomously
  branched aerial stems and rhizomes with ridges
  and pentagonal in x-section.
• 2. No true roots but have rhizoids with
  micorrhiza.

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K Plantae Div PsilophytaWhisk Ferns

• 1. Plant Body (2n) composed of thin dichotomously
  branched aerial stems and rhizomes with ridges
  and pentagonal in x-section.
• 2. No true roots but have rhizoids with
  micorrhiza.
• 3. Bears small leaf-like appendages, or
  prophylls.

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K Plantae Div PsilophytaWhisk Ferns

• 1. Plant Body (2n) composed of thin dichotomously
  branched aerial stems and rhizomes with ridges
  and pentagonal in x-section.
• 2. No true roots but have rhizoids with
  micorrhiza.
• 3. Bears small leaf-like appendages, or
  prophylls.
• (no vascular tissue but leaf traces)
• 4. Spores (n) are produced in trilobed structures
  on the tips of short branches called synangia.

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K Plantae Div PsilophytaWhisk Ferns

• 4. Spores (n) are produced in trilobed structures
  on the tips of short branches called synangia.
• tapetal
  plasmodium
• 
  sporangial wall

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K Plantae Div PsilophytaWhisk Ferns

• Psilophyte spores (n) are kidney-shaped.

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K Plantae Div PsilophytaWhisk Ferns

• Psilophyte spores (n) are slow to develop into
  monoecious gametophytes (n).
• 
  archegonia
  

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K Plantae Div PsilophytaWhisk Ferns

• Psilophyte spores (n) are slow to develop into
  monoecious gametophytes (n).
• 
  antheridium

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K Plantae Div PsilophytaWhisk Ferns

• Development from the fertilized egg (zygote 2n)
  proceeds in the archegonium.
• 
  

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K Plantae Div PsilophytaWhisk Ferns

• Eventually the young sporophyte (2n) becomes the
  mature plant body (2n).
• 
  

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K Plantae Div PsilophytaWhisk Ferns

• Stem and rhizome development
• immature stem tip - promeristem, protoderm,
  ground meristem, procambium

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K Plantae Div PsilophytaWhisk Ferns

• Mature stem -

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K Plantae Div PsilophytaWhisk Ferns Genus
Tmesipteris