Infrastructure Provision and the Attainment of Millennium Development Goals MDG in Decentralized Sys

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• Infrastructure Provision and the Attainment of
  Millennium Development Goals (MDG) in
  Decentralized Systems of Africa Experiences from
  Ethiopia and Nigeria
• Davidson S.A. Alaci
• Department of Urban and Regional Planning,
• The Federal Polytechnic Idah, Kogi State of
  Nigeria
• davidsonalaci_at_yahoo.co.uk
• and
• Esubalew Alehegn
• Ethiopian Civil Service College, Addis Ababa

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OUTLINE

• INTRODUCTION
• THE FULCRUM OF THE MILLENIUM DEVT GOALS
• ACCESSIBILITY
• WATER INACCESSIBILITY, IMPLICATION
• CONSTRAINTS OF SUB-NATIONAL (LOCAL) GOVERNMENT
• CONCLUSION

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INTRODUCTION

• MDGs issues poverty education gender equality
  health the environment and global partnerships
  for development.
• A comprehensive war against poverty.
• Attaining the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
• Why infrastructure?
• Why decentralization?
• MDG issues are infrastructure driven.
• Decentralization is an opportunity to realize the
  MDGs especially at the lower levels of the
  society through more infrastructure provision.

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INTRODUCTION

• Infra and services are central to the activities
  of households and economic production.
• Infra and services failure (natural disasters and
  civil disturbances) radically and drastically
  reduce communitys life quality and productivity.
• Adequacy of infrastructure services determines
  a countrys success or failure (diversifying
  prod, expanding trade, poverty reduction, etc).
• Good infra raises productivity and lowers
  production cost.
• Providing adequate infra services to meet
  different sector demands is one of the key
  challenges in econ development.
• Therefore infra capacity and income growth are
  directly related.

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Infrastructure and Economic improvement.
Improved access to infrastructural services
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INTRODUCTION

• Infrastructure defines human settlements
• serviceability and liveability.
• Adequate access to social welfare services, are
  strong indices of development.
• water services a basic amenity.
• Worlds most important resource a necessity of
  life.
• Potable water supply is both a function of
  adequate and accessible functional water
  infrastructure.
• Water infrastructure most critical to the MDGs.
• Goal no7 and target 10 is specific on water,
• Goals 1-7 generally relates to water
  availability.

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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION

• Poor access to water water scarcity affect women
  and girls disproportionately
• The UN estimates of 1.1 billion people lack
  access to safe drinking water
• 2.4 billion people lack access to adequate
  sanitation.
• Implication millions of water related illness
  over 5 million deaths yearly (Cunningam, 2004)
• 4 million diarrhea cases yearly the death of
  2.2million people, mostly children below 5 years
  (AWDR 2006).
• In Africa,38 (Meseret 2008) of the population
  over 300 million (AWDR 2006) lack access to safe
  water supply

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• What about Nigeria and Ethiopia?
• Nigeria has 36 states a FCT 774 LGAs districts
  and wards. Ethiopia structured is 9 states2
  CC,66 zones, 529 woredas and kebeles
• Within this structure, are huge water related
  issues.
• In 2004 Safe water coverage was 48 for Nigeria
  (FGN, 2004) and 22 in Ethiopia (World Bank
  2005).
• In Nigeria Prevalence of water and sanitation
  related diseases (FGN, 2004).
• Diarrhoea cause of infant mortality after
  malaria
• 3rd main cause of under five mortality (FGN
  20045).
• Malaria is prevalent in about half of the
  population (FGN 2004).
• In Ethiopia data from the Ministry of Health
  shows that,
• the top 10 diseases across the country are
  mainly related to environment and sanitation
• This is why the water front is where the war of
  poverty and by implication attainment of the MDGs
  would be won or lost.

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STUDY AIM AND OBJECTIVES

• Our contention, infrastructure water
  infrastructure is critical if MDGs are to be
  attained.
• But has decentralization led to more water
  infrastructures?
• The aim is to assess level of household water
  accessibility under decentralization.
• The specific objectives are
• a. Determine the extent of water accessibility
  and its implications.
• b. Examine the involvement of sub-national
  government in domestic water provision
• c. Identify key constraints in the decentralized
  system limiting water delivery.

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WATER THE FULCRUM OF THE MILLENIUM DEVT GOALS

• Sustainable development in Africa concerns
  universal access to safe drinking water,
  sanitation and food security, the lack of which,
  is both a primary indicator and cause of poverty
  (AWDR 2006).
• Safe drinking water improved sanitation
  overall well being of people
• reducing infant mortality, increasing longevity
  and productivity.
• Majority of illnesses relate to water
  contamination poor sanitation.
• The poor suffers a higher burden of water
  inadequacy
• Women and children are particularly vulnerable.
• The adequate availability of water for different
  uses can therefore contribute to poverty
  alleviation.
• This manifests on two fronts.

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WATER POVERTY AND HEALTH

• Improving access to safe water implies less
  burden on people.
• Time, energy and resources spent in the
  collection process.
• 2/3 of households, globally fetch water from
  outside the home
• travels over 3km,spends 2-4hours and carries
  load 20 -25kg daily (Cunningham 2004 UN-Habitat
  2003Rodda 1991).
• Improved access means, users save money and
  benefit from saved time for other activities.
• Access to safe WSSS reduces diarrhoea cases no
  of deaths.
• Sanitation and hygiene enhances the life prospect
  HIV victims.
• Reduces vulnerability exposure to derived
  infections (FGN. 2004).
• Immune System of HIV-Positive individuals are
  prone to a wider range of common illnesses and
  disease (Obi et al 2006).
• People with a reliable and easy accessible water
  supply has the potential of
• Reducing the burden of water related diseases
  
• increasing the income of households
• improving the quality of life

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WATER ACCESSIBILITY

• Accessibility.
• Measuring water accessibility.
• optimal access Intermediate access Basic access
  and No access.

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WHO ACCESSIBILITY MEASURES
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WHO ACCESSIBILITY MEASURES AND HEALTH
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METHODOLOGY

• primary and secondary data.
• PRIMARY data
• Household survey
• In Ethiopia
• South Wolo Zone of Amhara Regional State of
  Ethiopia.
• 21 woredas and a municipality,
• Dessie.
• In Nigeria, Kogi state, 21 lga. nine in the
  eastern half,
• four chosen and two, for questionnaire.
• Secondary data
• revenue of sub-national government
• expenditure on infrastructure.
• in the two states.
• Bassa and Dekina LGA
• Dessie municipality.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

• SOURCES OF WATER
• Infra for water supply include stream, wells,
  pipe water and vendor services. accessible to
  households at different degrees.
• In Dessie municipality
• house connected pipeline28
• water connection in the compound21.6
• public fountain14.7,
• unprotected spring and river 15.9
• and truck vendor19.6 .
• In Bassa and Dekina
• 31.76 and 35.88 rely on water vendors and rain
  respectively.
• river source is 20.
• vendor, rain and river combine account for over
  85 of water sources.
• Well Water is only 10.49.
• 2.25 access to borehole

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Water inaccessibility, implication of Distance
Travel Amhara, Ethiopia
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Water inaccessibility, implication of Distance
Travel Kogi state
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Water inaccessibility, implication of Time Kogi
State -Nigeria
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Water inaccessibility, implication of Time
Amhara, Ethiopia
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Some Implications

• In Nigeria, loss equal
• 145.24naira daily or
• 4066.72naira monthly
• (Minimum wage 7500)
• In Ethiopia
• 3.1-4.68birr or
• 93.75-140.6 birr monthly
• (300birr)

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INVOLVEMENT OF SUB-NATIONAL (LOCAL) GOVERNMENT IN
DOMESTIC WATER PROVISION

• In Nigeria
• a cost sharing formula adopted.3tiers of govt
  and BC.
• Fed govt provides 50 (rwss) (stwss)
• SG are responsible for 25, 30 and 10 for
  rural, small town and urban water supply capital
  investment respectively.
• The remainder by LGA and BC, for example
• BC are to contribute 50 for each of rural and
  small town water supply.
• OM are to be catered for fully by the SG, LGA
  and BC.
• SG are to make 10 contributions of OM cost in
  rural water supply and 100urban water schemes
• LGA to contribute 20 of OM cost in the rural
  water supply and 100 in small town water supply
  scheme.

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IN ETHIOPIA

• The water sector devt is with the federal
  Ministry of Water Resources
• Services provision (supply and sanitation) is
  with the Regions to be with Woredas over time.
• In some larger regions, Woreda Water Offices
  with small staff of about 2 or 3 persons exist.
• At both regional and Woreda level, water sector
  is governed by board of directors, members mostly
  from education and health sectors.
• Boards are accountable to the next immediate
  higher level government.
• A nebulous relationship exists between federal
  and sub-national jurisdictions
• For example Woredas do not have the capacity to
  mobilize their resources, nor are they
  capacitated to do so.70 of the countrys water
  resource development fund comes from external
  sources.
• Consequently sub national governments (woredas)
  in Ethiopia lack the human resources and finance
  to play effective role in the provision of water
  infrastructure.

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CONSTRAINTS LIMITING WATER DELIVERY (FUNDS)
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REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE
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CONSTRAINTS LIMITING WATER DELIVERY (FUNDS)
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REVENUE AND INFRASTRUCTURE EXPENDITURE (Woredas)
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CONCLUSION

• Water and indeed water infrastructure is a
  critical infrastructure relevant to all arms of
  the MDGs.
• Has decentralization led to more infrastructure?
• Access has remained very poor and constrained by
  distance, and time.
• In the water sector, the policy document of the
  two countries shows that woredas and local
  government councils are empowered to participate
  in water delivery.
• In Ethiopia, limited revenue, capacity and over
  reliance on foreign aids as well as not too clear
  policy details are formidable constraints.
• In Nigeria, poor sectoral allocation of revenue
  and absence of a policy instrument that compel
  council administrators on specific infrastructure
  investment are the major constraints.
• In addition to the ignorance of local
  administrators and politicians across the two
  countries on using MDGs as a development
  benchmark.

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CONCLUSION

• A review of the MDGs.
• A mechanism of monitoring.
• Create a water department with joint funding.
• Workshop or seminars for sub national
  administrators or political leaders will help
  mainstream MDGs in local plans.
• The establishment and easy access to domestic
  water investment finance at the global level e.g.
  World Bank, would be a ready support to many
  African countries particularly, in poor countries
  including Ethiopia where limited revenue to
  woredas is a major constraint.

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• THANK YOU