ECE 101 An Introduction to Information Technology Computers

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ECE 101 An Introduction to Information
TechnologyComputers
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Information Path
Source of Information
Information Display
Digital Sensor
Information Receiver and Processor
Information Processor Transmitter
Transmission Medium
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Components in a Simple Computer (Kuc)
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Computer Components

• Memory - contains the instructions and data
• segmented into data units, usually 8-bit bytes,
  with each byte having its own address
• Instruction Pointer - maintains the memory
  address of the current instruction
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) - processes data in
  the registers according to the instruction issued
  by the control unit

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Computer Components

• Registers - quickly and easily accessible memory
  locations, temporarily store data to be processed
  by the ALU
• Flags - 1-bit memories set depending upon the
  outcome of the just completed arithmetic
  operations

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Components in a Simple Computer (Kuc)
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Desktop Computer Hardware

• Central Processing Unit
• Memory
• Storage
• Input/output

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Computer (CPU) Components
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CPU - Central Processing Unit

• Manipulates and controls the flow of data by
  following the instructions in memory
• Components include control unit, arithmetic logic
  unit (ALU), registers, flags and cashe memory
  (small fast memory to improve the CPUs efficiency

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Moores Law as it relates to transistor count in
Intel microprocessors. Ref Turban, Rainer and
Potter
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Computer Generations (dates approximate)

• 1st-1946-56, vacuum tubes, limited memory and
  capacity, very large, heating a concern.
• 2nd-1957-63, transistors, less heat and cheaper,
  more stable and reliable.
• 3rd-1964-79, IC (Integrated Circuits) for storing
  and processing information. Introduced software
  that could be used by non-technical people.

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Computer Generations (dates approximate)

• 4th-1980-95, VLSI (Very large Scale Integrated
  Circuits, hundreds of thousands of circuits on a
  chip, ULSI (Ultra-large scale integration)
• Late 4th- 1996-present, GSI (Grand Scale
  Integrated Circuit), Over one billion circuits on
  a chip
• First four generations used Von Neumann
  architecture (processing info. sequentially)
• 5th- Using Massively parallel processing

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Memory

• RAM - random access memory (read or write data) -
  volatile (memory lost with no power) MB 220 ? 1
  million bytes
• ROM - read-only memory (reads only previously
  stored data) - simpler structure and greater
  capacity. Capacity expanded by DVD-ROMs with
  tens of GBs of data (1 GB 230 ? 1 billion
  bytes)

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Storage

• Long-term non-volatile retention of data
• Hard disks accommodate large amounts of data
  (Giga bytes) but require longer access times (10
  msec) than RAM
• Floppies (now obsolete, 1.44 MB) and ZIP drives
  (store 100, 250 MB), also writeable CD-ROMs
  (store up to 650 MB and beyond)
• Disk on Key (8 to 512 MB (or more) on portable
  key)

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Primary Memory Compared to Secondary Storage
Ref Turban et.al.
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Input/Output

• Input
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Scanner
• Modem
• Output
• Monitor
• Soundboard
• Printer

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Computer Input/Output (Kuc)
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I/O Devices

• Digital I/O port or parallel port - up to 16
  binary signals that communicate with digital
  sensors or controlling devices
• Analog-to-Digital converter (ADC)
• Asynchronous communications port (serial port)
  receives and transmits data through a modem
  (typically 56bps)
• Network port - connects through a network
  interface card (NIC) to high-speed network (gt 1
  Mbps)

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Software

• Instructions and application programs that permit
  computers to accomplish tasks
• As opposed to hardware, software is flexible and
  easily modified
• Manipulation of Data
• Arithmetic operations (-/, is fundamental)
• Logic operations (OR, AND, NOT)
• conditional operations (comparative function)

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Hierarchy of Software
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Software Control of Computers

• Assembly Language
• most basic language (different for each computer
  type)
• typically adding registers or moving data into
  registers

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Software Control of Computers

• Operating System
• set of commands that performs common system
  tasks, such as accepting data from the keyboard,
  displaying to the monitor, sending data to the
  printer
• Intel computers commonly used versions of
  Disk-based Operating System written by Microsoft
  (MS-DOS)
• Graphical user Interfaces (GUI or gooey) made
  computers more user friendly

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High-Level Programming Lang.

• Instructions are more powerful, more general, and
  better suited for programming a task than the
  basic assembly language instructions. Some
  examples
• FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation)
• BASIC
• Pascal
• C and C and C

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Applications Programs

• Common use of spreadsheets and word processing
• Packages written by a professional programmer for
  a specific operating system

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Smart Cards

• Uses a computer to store and process data
• Memory card
• Microprocessor card
• Storage on a card without power
• ROM is permanent and fixed
• Solution EEPROM - Electrically erasable
  programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) - use of
  intense ultraviolet light to reset to 0 (loose
  all charge)

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Simple Smart Card(Kuc)
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Smart Cards - Memory Type

• First Generation
• digital memories with 256 bits (32bytes)
• information area of 12 bytes for preset info
• units area contains the worth of the card
• all units bits initially 0, spent changes bit to
  a 1
• Second Generation
• info area of 8 bytes, control area of 3 bytes
• uses 5 units counters in base 8
• 8 bits per counter each with equal weight

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Memory Organization of a 1st Generation Smart Card
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Memory Organization of a 2nd Generation Smart Card
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Refilling a Counter (Kuc)
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A set of Counters in a 2nd Generation memory
smart card containing 10,000 units (Kuc)
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Microprocessor Smart Cards

• Advanced smart cards
• Does more than store data
• Can accept money
• complex encryption techniques make money
  transactions relatively secure
• can be contact-less using an antenna around the
  perimeter of the card

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Multiprocessor Computer System

• Efficient Data Base Searches
• Use of many independent computers to complete a
  task faster
• Operate in parallel rather than in series
  therefore much quicker
• Serving Multiple Users
• Server ties computers together
• links them together
• provides access to share common resources

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Multiprocessor Computer Systems