Model Simulations Of Ozone Formation Over Israel, The West Bank And Jordan. E. Weinroth, M. Luria, A. Ben-Nun, C. Emery, J. Kaplan, M. Peleg and Y. Mahrer Seagram Center for Soil and Water Sciences Faculty of Agriculture The Hebrew University Rehovot

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Model Simulations Of Ozone Formation Over Israel,
The West Bank And Jordan.E. Weinroth, M. Luria,
A. Ben-Nun, C. Emery, J. Kaplan, M. Pelegand Y.
MahrerSeagram Center for Soil and Water Sciences
Faculty of AgricultureThe Hebrew University
Rehovot 76100 Israel 
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Model Simulations Of Ozone Formation Over Israel,
The West Bank And Jordan.

• Project objectives
• To study, over time, the transport of polluted
  air masses and the chemical reactions occurring
  within
• To quantify the effects of the different emission
  sources on the ozone peak in the study area

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Model Simulations Of Ozone Formation Over Israel,
The West Bank And Jordan.

• Lecture Structure
• Emission Inventory for Israel
• Weather Conditions at Study Area
• RAMS
• CAMx
• Model results versus measurements
• Various emission scenarios
• Conclusions
• Acknowledgments

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Emission Inventory for Israel 1997- 8

• Large Stationary (point) sources
• Medium Stationary (point) sources
• Small Stationary (area) sources
• Solvents (area) sources
• Biogenic Stationary (area) sources
• Mobile (area) sources, both ground based and
  aerial

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LARGE STATIONARY (POINT) SOURCES

• These sources account for over 58 of total fuel
  consumption.

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MEDIUM STATIONARY (POINT) SOURCES

• Plants which Monitor Emissions
• 100 plants in this category
• Plants which report Fuel Consumption
• Approx 400 plants in this category
• These sources account for over 6.6 of total fuel
  consumption.

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SMALL STATIONARY (AREA) SOURCES

• These sources account for 12.2 of total fuel
  consumption.

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Solvents

• Road asphalt VOC.
• Solvents in urban and industrial areas paint,
  aerosol products, household products, adhesives
  (industrial and non industrial), moth control,
  space deodorant - distributed by population
  density.

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Vegetation

• Biogenic sources which emit the pollutants
  Isoprene and Monoterpene
• (VOC estimated according to Winer et al 1992
  Benjamin et al 1996, 1997, 1998).

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Land-use map
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MOBILE (AREA) SOURCES

• The emissions from mobile sources were derived
  from EMME/2 transportation model.
• This model utilizes an emission-vehicle speed
  curve, derived from measurements taken in tunnels
• Jerusalem (Yavin, 1998)
• Haifa (Tratakovsky, 1997)
• Fort Mc-Henry (Pierson, 1996)

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Emission Inventory Results
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Weather Conditions at Study Area

• The episodes of elevated ozone concentration were
  found to fall into the shallow Persian trough
  synoptic category.
• Such synoptic episodes occur mainly at the
  beginning of summer but can occasionally appear
  at the middle or the end of summer.
• This synoptic pattern features stagnation
  conditions that evolve as a result of weak
  pressure gradient winds.
• A shallow mixed layer capped by subsiding warm
  and dry air causes a poorly ventilated mixed
  layer.

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RAMS Aspects

• RAMS 3bv
• Non hydrostatic mesoscale mode.
• 3 nested grids.
• The simulations were initialized and updated
  every 6h with European Center for Medium-Range
  Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) data fields.
• Topography was obtained from the GTOPO30 project,
  horizontal grid spacing of 30 seconds (approx 1
  km2) and with local land-use and DTM (25X25 m2)
  for the second and third grids.
• The meteorological fields produced by RAMS were
  used as input to drive CAMx.

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900 Km
270 Km
180 Km
900Km
360 Km
270 Km
Cell 20X20 Km2
Cell 5X5 Km2
Cell 1.25X1.25Km2
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0700
1.8.97
7.8.97
5 m/s
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1300
1.8.97
7.8.97
5 m/s
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1900
1.8.97
7.8.97
5 m/s
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CAMx Aspects

• CAMx 3.10
• Map projection Polar Stereographic
• Grid 270X370 Km2, cell 5X5 Km2
• Transport algorithm area preserving flux form
  advection solver Bott(1989).
• CBM-IV Carbon Bond Mechanism. Using the CMC fast
  solver.
• Plume-in-grid sub model used for the main
  stationary sources. Maturity parameters 2500m or
  12h.

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Camx Results vs Airborne Measurements
1500 1.8.97 1400 7.8.97
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Camx Results vs Airborne Measurements
CAMx model
Flight Path
Jerusalem
Jerusalem
1.8.97 1500
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Camx Results vs Airborne Measurements
CAMx model
Flight Path
Jerusalem
Jerusalem
7.8.97 1400
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Camx Results vs Measurements
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Diurnal behavior - ozone concentration Camx
Results vs. Measurements
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8 Emission Input Scenarios

• All emission sources
• All Industry sources
• Main (large) Industry sources
• Medium and small (low) industry
• Without Industry Vehicles, Solvents
  Vegetation
• Vehicles only
• Without vehicles All Industry, Solvents
  Vegetation
• Without emissions (initial and boundary
  conditions)

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All emission sources
1.8.97 1500
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All industry sources
1.8.97 1500
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Large industry sources
1.8.97 1500
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Low industry sources
1.8.97 1500
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Without emission sources
1.8.97 1500
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Without industry sources
1.8.97 1500
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Vehicle sources
1.8.97 1500
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Without vehicle sources
1.8.97 1500
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All industry sources
1.8.97 1500
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Without emission sources
1.8.97 1500
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Comparison of Ozone Peak for all Scenarios
1.8.97
Source O3 Peak (ppb) Comparison to All Sources Peak in (discounting initial 45 ppb)
All sources 116 100
Without emissions 56 15
Industry low 58 18
All industry 98 75
Industry large 97 73
Without Industry 82 51
Without vehicles 103 81
Vehicles 80 49
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Comparison of Ozone Peak for all Scenarios 7.8.97
Source O3 Peak (ppb) Comparison to All Sources Peak in (discounting initial 45 ppb)
All sources 113 100
Without emissions 52 11
Industry low 55 14
All industry 99 80
Industry large 98 78
Without Industry 78 49
Without vehicles 105 88
Vehicles 76 46
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Comparison of Ozone Peak for all Scenarios in
(discounting initial 45 ppb)
29.8.97 28.8.97 10.8.97 8.8.97 7.8.97 3.8.97 1.8.97 Source
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 All sources
51 49 63 82 80 80 75 All industry
50 48 62 80 78 79 73 Industry large
14 14 21 14 14 18 18 Industry low
48 37 42 42 49 44 51 Without Industry
46 35 41 39 46 42 49 Vehicles
59 55 68 86 88 86 81 Without vehicles
11 12 20 12 11 15 15 Without emissions
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Factor Separation contribution of different
sources to formation of ozone
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The Relative Contribution to the Daily Ozone Peak
of Transportation and Without Transportation
in (discounting initial 45 ppb)
Date- Hour T WT Synergetic Contribution Initial and Boundary Conditions Sum
29.8.97-1500 35 48 6 11 100
28.8.97-1600 23 43 22 12 100
10.8.97-1600 21 48 11 20 100
8.8.97-1400 28 74 -14 12 100
7.8.97-1400 35 77 -22 11 100
3.8.97-1500 27 72 -14 15 100
1.8.97-1500 34 66 -15 15 100
Average 29 61 -4 14 100
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The Relative Contribution to the Daily Ozone Peak
of All Industry and Without Industry in
(discounting initial 45 ppb)
Date- Hour AI WI Synergetic Contribution Initial and Boundary Conditions Sum
29.8.97-1500 40 37 12 11 100
28.8.97-1600 37 25 26 12 100
10.8.97-1600 43 23 14 20 100
8.8.97-1400 70 30 -11 12 100
7.8.97-1400 69 38 -17 11 100
3.8.97-1500 66 30 -10 15 100
1.8.97-1500 60 36 -11 15 100
Average 55 31 0 14 100
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Vehicle sources
1.8.97 1500
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The Relative Contribution to the Secondary Ozone
Peak of Transportation and Without
Transportation in (discounting initial 45
ppb)
Date- Hour T WT Synergetic Contribution Initial and Boundary Conditions Sum
29.8.97-1500 57 38 -10 15 100
28.8.97-1600 53 24 1 22 100
10.8.97-1600 53 26 0 21 100
8.8.97-1400 60 57 -29 12 100
7.8.97-1400 56 46 -17 15 100
3.8.97-1500 71 46 -32 15 100
1.8.97-1500 90 60 -69 19 100
Average 63 43 -23 17 100
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The Relative Contribution to the Secondary Ozone
Peak of Transportation and Without
Transportation in (discounting initial 45
ppb)
Date- Hour AI WI Synergetic Contribution Initial and Boundary Conditions Sum
29.8.97-1500 28 60 -3 15 100
28.8.97-1600 8 59 11 22 100
10.8.97-1600 17 55 6 21 100
8.8.97-1400 48 63 -23 12 100
7.8.97-1400 37 59 -11 15 100
3.8.97-1500 33 77 -25 15 100
1.8.97-1500 40 99 -58 19 100
Average 30 68 -15 17 100
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Conclusions

• The model agrees with the spatial distribution of
  ozone concentration and has reasonable agreement
  with the daily ozone peak.
• Major NOx emission sources - power plants and
  large industries - are the major contributors to
  the main daily ozone peak.
• The contribution of transportation is also
  significant to the formation of ozone in the
  events studied, but less than large industries.
• The added value of VOC sources (vegetation and
  solvents) to ozone formation is small.
• Small industries have only a minor influence on
  the formation of ozone.

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Acknowledgments

• Ministry of Infrastructure
• Dr. Miriam Haran, Shuly Nezer -Ministry of
  Environment
• HUJI Hagar Leshner, Prof. Avinoam Danin , Dr.
  Ronen Kadmon, Eran Tas, Ilan levy, David Rosen,
  Elad Shilo
• Prof. Bob Bornstein - SJSU
• Tim Michaels - SJSU
• Jim Wilkinson - Alpine Geophysics
• Dr. Ruth Shishinski, Shahar Kats, Orit Stone -
  ISRAELI CBS
• Yonat Magal, Yisrael Taober- INNPPA
• Igodie Arim Ashdod, Ashkelon, Haifa, Hadera,
  Yavne, Jerusalem.
• Ori Weinroth

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Temperature inversion graph 1.8.97 1300 ( T
Celsius and height in Km)First inversion 500 m
above surface
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Temperature inversion graph 28.8.97 1300 ( T
Celsius and height in Km)First inversion 100 m
above surface layer
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AVIATION SOURCES

• Information was obtained from the Israeli
  Aviation Administration

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NOx to VOC
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References

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Vegetation
Vegetation Coverage percentage
Biomass Amount per hectare
VOC emissions per Biomass Amount
VOC emissions per hectare