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Why is a Vacuum Needed?

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BAROMETER Pressure Equivalents Vapor Pressure of some Solids PRESSURE RANGES Viscous and Molecular Flow FLOW REGIMES MEAN FREE PATH FLOW ... OF GASES PARTIAL ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Why is a Vacuum Needed?


1
Why is a Vacuum Needed?
2
Why is a Vacuum Needed?
Atmosphere
(High)Vacuum
Contamination (usually water)
Clean surface
3
Pressione Numero molecole/cm3 un pacco
di caffè imballato sotto vuoto 104 Pa 2.7 x
1018 un tubo catodico in un televisore 10-4
Pa 2.7 x 1010 un acceleratore di particelle in
fisica nucleare 10-8 Pa 2.7 x 106 una camera con
il miglior vuoto che attualmente si può produrre
in laboratorio 10-12 Pa 2.7 x 102 nostra
galassia 10-14 Pa 1-10 spazio
intergalattico ? 1 al m3 Tabella 1a La
pressione in alcune tipiche applicazioni Altitu
dine Pressione Al livello del
mare 101000 Pa Sulla vetta del Monte
Bianco 50000 Pa Alla quota di crociera di un
Jumbo-Jet (20000 m) 5000 Pa Su un satellite
artificiale alla quota di 35000 km 2 x 10-3
Pa Sulla superficie della luna 5 x 10-5
Pa Tabella 1b Cambiamento della pressione in
funzione dellaltitudine
4
HOW DO WE CREATE A VACUUM?
5
VACUUM PUMPING METHODS
6
BAROMETER
Mercury 13.58 times heavier than water Column
is 13.58 x shorter 10321 mm/13.58760 mm ( 760
Torr)
10.321 mm
29,9 in
760 mm
WATER
MERCURY
(Page 12 manual)
7
PRESSURE OF 1 STANDARD ATMOSPHERE
760 TORR, 1013 mbar AT SEA LEVEL, 0O C AND 45O
LATITUDE
8
Pressure Equivalents
9
THE ATMOSPHERE IS A MIXTURE OF GASES
(Page 13 manual)
10
VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES
(Page 14 manual)
11
(Page 15 manual)
12
Vapor Pressure of some Solids
(Page 15 manual)
13
PRESSURE RANGES
RANGE ROUGH (LOW) VACUUM HIGH VACUUM ULTRA
HIGH VACUUM
PRESSURE 759 TO 1 x 10 -3 (mbar) 1 x 10 -3 TO
1 x 10 -8 (mbar) LESS THAN 1 x 10 -8 (mbar)
(Page 17 manual)
14
Viscous and Molecular Flow
15
FLOW REGIMES
Viscous Flow Distance between molecules is
small collisions between molecules dominate
flow through momentum transfer generally P
greater than 0.1 mbar Transition Flow Region
between viscous and molecular flow Molecular
Flow Distance between molecules is large
collisions between molecules and wall dominate
flow through random motion generally P smaller
than 10 mbar
-3
(Page 25 manual)
16
MEAN FREE PATH
Il libero cammino medio è inversamente
proporzionale alla pressione ed alla sezione
durto della molecola di gas
MOLECULAR DENSITY AND MEAN FREE PATH
17
Portata
P1
A
A
Flusso
P2
P1 gt P2
Q è costante lungo il tubo e pertanto
Conduttanza
18
Conduttanza in parallelo
Conduttanza in serie
C2
C1
C1
Q1
P2
P3
P1
P1
P2
Q
C2
Q2
Flusso costante
Flusso totale somma dei flussi
19
VELOCITA DI POMPAGGIO DI UNA POMPA
Ppompa
PCamera
C
Camera
Q
Pompa
VELOCITA EFFETTIVA DI POMPAGGIO DI UN SISTEMA
Leffetto della conduttanza è quello di ridurre
la velocità di pompaggio efficace Rispetto alla
velocità di pompaggio allimbocco della pompa
20
FLOW REGIMES
21
Conductance in Viscous Flow
Under viscous flow conditions doubling the pipe
diameter increases the conductance sixteen times.
The conductance is INVERSELY related to the pipe
length
d diameter of tube in cm l length of
tube in cm P1 inlet pressure in torr P2
exit pressure in torr
EXAMPLE d 4 cm P1 2 torr l 100
cm P2 1 torr
C530 l/s
(Page 28 manual)
22
Conductance in Molecular Flow
Under molecular flow conditions doubling the pipe
diameter increases the conductance eight
times. The conductance is INVERSELY related to
the pipe length.
d diameter of tube in cm l length of tube
in cm T temperature (K) M A.M.U.
EXAMPLE T 295 K (22 OC) d 4 cm M 28
(nitrogen) l 100 cm C7.9 l/s
23
(No Transcript)
24
GAS LOAD
Permeation
Outgassing
Real
Leaks
Virtual
Diffusion
Backstreaming
GAS LOAD (Q) IS EXPRESSED IN mbar liters per
second
25
Pumpdown Curve
101
10-1
Volume
10-3
10-5
Surface Desorption
Pressure (mbar)
10-7
Diffusion
10-9
Permeation
10-11
10 1
10 3
10 5
10 7
10 9
10 11
10 13
10 15
10 17
Time (sec)
26
(No Transcript)
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