.t.y.p.e.s. .o.f. .f.i.s.h.i.n.g.

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.t.y.p.e.s. .o.f. .f.i.s.h.i.n.g.
netting ( drift netting gill netting )
seining ( purse seine and beach seine) common
in BC ( trawling and trolling )
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.n.e.t.t.i.n.g.

• DRIFT
• Is one of the most destructive methods of
  fishing known as the 'wall of death'
• Strong plastic webbing up to 15 m in height up
  to 64 km long
• Forms a wall beneath the water catches
  anything!

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.n.e.t.t.i.n.g.

• GILL NET
• Is a wall of netting set in a straight line
• Fish swim through the virtually invisible
  netting, are entangled when their gills are
  caught in the webbing
• Most commonly used on the Fraser River

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.g.i.l.l. .n.e.t.t.i.n.g.
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.s.e.i.n.i.n.g.

• PURSE
• A long and deep net with small webbing
• Uses a net which can be "pursed up" around a
  school of fish
• Used to catch surface dwelling species such as
  tuna, mackerels

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p.u.r.s.e. .s.e.i.n.i.n.g.
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.s.e.i.n.i.n.g.

• BEACH SEINE
• Surrounding of a school of fish using a single
  boat
• Sardine, mackerel, Spanish mackerel, hard tail,
  sea bream and flat fish, may be caught by this
  method

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b.e.a.c.h. .s.e.i.n.i.n.g.
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.c.o.m.m.o.n. .i.n. b.c.

• TRAWLING
• Funnel shaped net attached to a ship by long
  ropes
• Can harvest bottom-dwelling fish when dragged
  along the ocean floor
• Leaves trawl marks on the oceans floor and
  damages coral reefs

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.t.r.a.w.l.i.n.g.
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.c.o.m.m.o.n. .i.n. b.c.

• TROLLING
• Dragging a flashing lure or a herring bait
  behind a boat
• Trolling is simply towing single fishing lines
  behind a moving boat

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.f.i.s.h.i.n.g.

• WHAT PROBLEMS are caused by these FISHING
  TECHNIQUES?
• Kills other marine mammal (entangle other marine
  life) since the nets are not picky
• Destroys the wild habitats when they drag on the
  ocean floor
• Rob the oceans biodiversity

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.b.i.o.s.p.h.e.r.e.

• Loss of biodiversity could threaten the food
  supply of other species (Alteration of the food
  chain)
• Add stress to marine organism may lead to
  species extinction
• Entangled marine animals and birds ? causes
  unnecessary deaths
• Dredging and trawling Destruction of habitats ?
  adds stress to other species
• Overpopulation of one species, under population
  of another (due to over-fishing)

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.l.i.t.h.o.s.p.h.e.r.e.
Nets destroy coral reefs ? results in greater
waves ? more wave erosion on land
A f t e r
B e f o r e
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.a.t.m.o.s.p.h.e.r.e.
Less fish ? more plankton? More O2 in water
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.h.y.d.r.o.s.p.h.e.r.e.
Pollution ? From ships and equipment
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.p.o.s.s.i.b.l.e. .s.o.l.u.t.i.o.n.s.

• Practice selective fishing
• Install devices to allow unwanted animals to
  escape
• - Reserve and protect certain areas for fish
  harvesting
• Instead of fishing, turn to aquaculture
• Limit fishing (Fishing seasons)
• More strict penalties on fishing violations
• Lower the amount of fish that companies can
  catch
• Stop commercial fishing for several years

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.p.o.o.r.l.y. .m.a.n.a.g.e.d.

• The commercial catch in California has raised
  from around 2.1 billion pounds (1990) to 430
  million in (1998) Every year about 70 marine
  mammals die in drift nets in the waters off the
  California coast. About 35 species dies in the
  hands of the wall of death.
• Why did this happen?
• Population is high demands for great quantity
  of fish
• Overfishing
• To make money and raise up the economy

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E n v i r o n me n t a l l y

• The Packard Foundation Conservation Program
  seeks to ensure a healthy future for all life by
  conserving critical natural systems, addressing
  key threats to these systems, and providing the
  scientific information and training that will
  enhance their conservation. Progress has been
  made at regional fishery management councils to
  reduce fishing for depleted species, reduce
  bycatch, and improve provisions for habitat
  protection.
• WHY? To protect the oceans and its living
  organisms

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A big thank you to these websites
Fishing http//www.fishnbottom.com/fishing_metho
ds.asp http//www.fishfacts.com/fishingmethods.htm
l http//www.starfish.govt.nz/science/facts/fact-m
ethods.htm http//www.amita.co.jp/museum/docs/traw
l.htm http//www.pccnaturalmarkets.com/instore/eco
fish.html http//www.friendofthesea.org/bookmark/3
fishingmethods.htm http//www.sfu.ca/cstudies/scie
nce/salmon/harvesting/perspectives.htm http//scho
olcentral.com/discussion/PacificSalmon/PS-Fisherie
s-TypesOfFishing.htm http//www.wa.gov/wdfw/fish/c
ommercial/selective/methods.htm www.corbis.com

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.a.q.u.a.c.u.l.t.u.r.e.
What is aquaculture? Aquaculture or fish farming,
is the farming of fish, shellfish and aquatic
plants in fresh or salt water. Why do we farm
fish? To bridge the gap between the wild catch
and the demand for fish.
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.a.q.u.a.c.u.l.t.u.r.e.
What kinds of species are farmed? Salmon
Farming Salmon, trout char Mollusk farming
Oysters, mussels, scallops clams Tilapia and
carp farming Crustaceans farming shrimp, prawns
crabs
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.a.q.u.a.c.u.l.t.u.r.e.
Some of the most common methods of aquaculture
are Pond Culture Raceway Culture Cage
Culture Tank Culture
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.p.o.n.d. .c.u.l.t.u.r.e.

• Pond culture is
• The most widely practiced form of aquaculture
• Natural ponds mimic nature ? have a natural
  supply of food ? healthier fish production

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.r.a.c.e.w.a.y.

• Raceway Culture is
• Flow through or open systems
• Enclosures where the water moves through at a
  rapid rate, carry wasters out at the lower end
• Production is intensive (why? Due to a steady
  flow of water)
• Trout are most commonly produced in raceways

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.c.a.g.e. .c.u.l.t.u.r.e.

• Cage Culture is..
• Involves placing a mesh or wire cage in a
  flowing, open water system, such as a lake,
  stream, reservoir or ocean
• Constant H20 flow is critical as it renews the
  O2 supply removes waste products
• Salmon barramundi are often grown in cages

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.c.a.g.e. .c.u.l.t.u.r.e.

• Very large cages are constructed w/nylon or
  plastic netting are often called net pens
• Generally constructed in open H2O
• Disadvantages Fish escapment rapid spread of
  diseases

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.t.a.n.k. .c.u.l.t.u.r.e.

• Tank Culture is.
• Often are a closed system
• Water is recirculated through filters pumped
  back in the tank
• Expensive to operate
• Used as a commercial holding facilities for the
  live export of crayfish

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.a.q.u.a.c.u.l.t.u.r.e.

• WHAT PROBLEMS DOES AQUACULTURE CAUSE?
• Pollution to the environment (organic chemical
  pollutants)
• Brings diseases to wild mammals
• Adds stress to the wild mammals living in that
  ecosystem

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.b.i.o.s.p.h.e.r.e.

• Increase food population
• Medical educational purposes
• Organic pollutants (uneaten fish food and
  waste)? Adds stress on the marine organisms
• Increase in bacteria, viruses and other pathogen
  ? Exposes farmed and wild fish to the ill effects
• Chemical pollutants (antibiotics, pesticides) ?
  Toxic effects on marine habitat ? species
  extinction
• Alteration of the food cycle

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.b.i.o.s.p.h.e.r.e.

• Dropping of nets and other equipment ? smothers
  organisms and physically alter the habitat
• Escaped farm-raised fish
  ? Drive some species
  to extinction due to competition for food and
  shelter
  ?
  Disruption of ecological process
  ? Threat to
  biodiversity
• Salmon and shrimp farming ? negative ecological
  impact

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.a.t.m.o.s.p.h.e.r.e.
Increase in waste material ? less O2? increase in
CO2
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.h.y.d.r.o.s.p.h.e.r.e.

• Salmon and Shrimp Farming Intensive aquaculture
  ? overcrowding ? poor water quality

• Mollusk farming Clams oysters filters the
  water ? Cleaner water

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.p.o.s.s.i.b.l.e. .s.o.l.u.t.i.o.n.s.

• THE BEST SOLUTION
• Replace net cages with closed-loop containment
  systems
• - Complete separation of wild farm
  environments
• - No pollution in the local environment
• - Zero escapes
• - More efficient use of food

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.p.o.s.s.i.b.l.e. .s.o.l.u.t.i.o.n.s.

• OTHER SOLUTIONS
• Use native salmon only (prohibit the use of
  exotic species)
• Educate aquaculture companies and to raise
  awareness
• Hype up the mollusk farming (safer)
• Escape prevention programs

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.p.o.o.r.l.y. .m.a.n.a.g.e.d.

• In August 2000, more than 32,000 Atlantic salmon
  escaped from net pens in Johnstone Strait off
  northeastern Vancouver Island.
• Why did it happen?
• Net pens are cheaper to operate
• Provides needed year-round employment in coastal
  areas hard hit by a downturn in logging
• A money maker (Economy goes up)
• There is no escape prevention (Government
  standards to not protect the ocean and marine
  life)

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.e.n.v.i.r.o.n.m.e.n.t.a.l.l.y. .m.a.n.a.g.e.d.

• In Flour Bluff, Texas, there are 6 mariculture
  ponds which are homes to crustaceans. That
  includes everything from indoor tanks to
  greenhouse-enclosed "raceways" open-air ponds
  where large numbers of juvenile shrimp are placed
  for their final growth.
• Why did it happen?
• To protect the environment and living organisms
• To achieve sustainability

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A big thank you to these websites
Aquaculture http//www.pca.state.mn.us/water/pu
bs/fishfarm.pdf http//www.fao.org/inpho/vlibrary/
u8480e/u8480e0g.htm http//www.davidsuzuki.org/Sal
mon_Aquaculture/Solutions_for_Aquaculture/ http//
www.techreview.com/articles/wo_schrope041901.asp h
ttp//aquanic.org/publicat/usda_rac/efs/srac/160fs
.pdf http//www.ksuaquaculture.org/cageproduction.
htm http//ens.lycos.com/ens/apr2001/2001L-04-20-1
0.html http//home.golden.net/markkeffer/aquacult
ure.htmflow-through http//seattletimes.nwsource.
com/html/localnews/134428992_salmonfarm31m.html ht
tp//www.habitatmedia.org/issues.htmloverfishing
www.corbis.com
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Hey, YOU wake up!! )
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.s.h.e.l.l.f.i.s.h. .h.a.r.v.e.s.t.i.n.g.

• What are shellfish?
• An aquatic animal, such as a mollusk or
  crustacean, that has a shell or shell-like
  exoskeleton
• Shellfish include clams, oysters, and mussels.
  The term shellfish does not include crabs,
  lobsters/shrimp
• Filter-feeding animals (get food O2 by pumping
  large quantities of H2O across their gills)

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.s.h.e.l.l.f.i.s.h. .h.a.r.v.e.s.t.i.n.g.

• What is shellfish harvesting?
• Farmers takes a shellfish from their own
  habitat
• Bringing them to a new area
• Making them reproduce faster

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.s.h.e.l.l.f.i.s.h. .h.a.r.v.e.s.t.i.n.g.
The methods of shellfish harvesting are
dredging raking trapping
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.s.h.e.l.l.f.i.s.h. .h.a.r.v.e.s.t.i.n.g.

• Dredging is
• Used for the commercial harvesting of scallops,
  clams, oysters mussels
• Consists of a metal rectangular frame to which a
  bag-shaped net of metal rings is attached
• Raking bar, and is often equipped with metal
  teeth used to dig up the bottom

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.s.h.e.l.l.f.i.s.h. .h.a.r.v.e.s.t.i.n.g.

• Raking is
• Used to harvest clams and seaweed
• Scratch rakes or clam rakes are like heavy
  garden rakes with longer, sharper teeth that are
  often curved upward toward the inside of the rake

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.s.h.e.l.l.f.i.s.h. .h.a.r.v.e.s.t.i.n.g.

• Potting/Trapping is
• Often designed specifically for one type of fish
  or shellfish
• Generally baited and equipped with one or more
  funnel openings, they are weighted to rest on the
  bottom

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.b.i.o.s.p.h.e.r.e
Due to human activities or natural biotoxins ?
Shellfish contamination ? pose a threat
to human health and a threat to the other living
organisms Alteration in the food cycle Loss of
biodiversity Loss of environmental
indicator Increase food production
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.h.y.d.r.o.s.p.h.e.r.e
Less shellfish ? Contaminated water Since only
the shellfish classed as bivalve mollusks feed by
filtering the water that washes over the
shellfish bed, when there is a decrease of
mollusks due to commercial fishing, there is an
increase of pollutants in the ocean.
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.a.t.m.o.s.p.h.e.r.e

• Less shellfish in the ocean to filtrate the
  water
• Water becomes contaminated
• Temperature rises, evaporation takes place
• Evaporates the contaminated and polluted water
• We breathe in the polluted air

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.l.i.t.h.o.s.p.h.e.r.e
Dredging destroys coral reefs ? results in
greater waves ? more wave erosion on land
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.p.o.s.s.i.b.l.e. .s.o.l.u.t.i.o.n.s.

• Closed seasons (the period during which removal
  of a resource is not allowed)
• Size and bag limits
• Direct discharges of raw sewage from moored or
  anchored boats and from shore-side residences

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.p.o.o.r.l.y. .m.a.n.a.g.e.d.

• In Florida, over-harvesting shellfish for the
  seafood industry alters the complex food web of
  the coral reef community. The destructive method
  of dredging for shellfish has destroyed the once
  beautiful and colourful coral reef community.
• Why is this happening?
• Population is high demands for great quantity
  of fish
• Overfishing
• To make money
• Carelessness, insensitivity ignorance

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A big thank you to these websites
Shellfish Harvesting http//www.bcsga.ca/bcsgirs
/harvest/harvest.htm http//www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/
ops/fm/shellfish/Biotoxins/biotoxins.htm http//ww
w.thisishampshire.net/hampshire/southampton/shippi
ng/SOTON_SHIPPING_DIBDENBAY0.html http//www.wa.go
v/puget_sound/News/releases/pollution.htm http//w
ww.wa.gov/puget_sound/News/releases/pollution.htm
http//www.doh.wa.gov/topics/Red_Tide.htm http//w
ww.webseafood.com/sustainability/fishing_methods.h
tm http//www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/ef
f/water/213925/shellfish/?version1lang_e www.co
rbis.com
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Just 20 more slides to go...
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Haha, just joking.
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We are OFFICIALLY,
FINALLY,
COMPLETELY done.
DENNY
KRISTAL
Thank you, hope you have learned something!
LINDA
MAT