Birds

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Birds

• Vertebrate Zoology

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Thecodontosaurus
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Thecodontosaurus
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Iguanodon
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Ingenia
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Incisivosaurus
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Archyopteryx
150 mya
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Archaeopteryx

• Possible link between birds reptiles
• Large skull with reptile like teeth
• Bones not hollow
• Claws on forelimbs
• Long tail
• Strong legs rounded wings for gliding
• Feathers
• Furculum - fused collarbone or wishbone

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Hesperonis

• Fossils 75 mya
• Large, flightless bird
• Had teeth like reptiles

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Ichthyornis

• Smaller, tern like bird
• Lived 65-80 mya
• Had large flight wings

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Evolution of Birds

• Evolved from reptiles
• Few fossils due to lack of preservation of
  feathers or thin, hollow bones

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Bird Characteristics

• Endothermic
• Feathers modified scales
• Pectoral appendages wings
• Pelvic appendages feet
• Crop gizzard
• Air sacs lungs
• Counter-current circulation
• Uric Acid excretion
• Sexual reproduction

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Characteristics pg 2

• Feathers made of protein called keratin
• Thin, hollow bones some bones fused for extra
  strength
• Scales on legs
• Toothless, horny beak
• Additional air sacs with lungs for more oxygen
• Four chambered heart
• Amniotic egg with calcium carbonate shell
• Oviparity with both parents often caring for eggs

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Endothermic

• Warm blooded
• Ability to generate heat maintain a constant
  body temperature
• Can live in hot or cold climates
• Requires more food
• Requires faster body processes to generate heat

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Feathers

• Used in many ways
• Flight
• Regulation of body temperature (thermoregulation)
  
• Protection of the body
• Attraction of mates
• Identification of species

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Feathers

• Modified scales
• Provide lift for flight help conserve body heat

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Types of Feathers

• Contour feathers cover the body of a bird and
  have a strong, hollow shaft and network of hooks.
  
• Down feathers are small and are located under the
  contour feathers to insulate the bird from the
  cold.

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Feather Anatomy

• Rachis stiff backbone of feather
• Barb branch off of rachis
• Barbule connect barbs
• Calamus Quill

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Contour Feathers

• Flight feathers remiges
• Tail feathers retrices
• Act as brakes and a rudder
• Most birds have 12 tail feathers

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Contour Feather
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Lacking Barbules in Owl Feathers Quiet Flight
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Preening

• A bird spends part of each day making minor
  repairs to tears in its feathers
• Feathers are re-zipped

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Preening Zips the Feathers
Before
After
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Feather Growth
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Down Feathers

• Soft fluffy
• Cover the body of nestlings
• Provide an undercoat insulating adult bird

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Filoplumes

• Called pin feathers
• Hairlike feathers under contour feathers on body

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Wings
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Flight Forces
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Bernoullis Principle
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Keeled Sternum and Furculum
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Thermals Air Currents
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Feet
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Digestion Crop Gizzard
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Woodpecker Honeycreeper Tongues
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Respiration
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Counter-Current Circulation
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Excretion Uric Acid

• Uric acid metabolic excretion
• (Saves water)
• Urea
• Ammonia

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Reproduction
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Cloaca
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Egg Shapes
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Starling Nests
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Weaver Bird Nest
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Brood Parasitism
Cardinal or Cowbird eggs?
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Migration
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Bird Brains
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