5.3.2 Legal, Economic and Political Issues Relating to the

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5.3.2 Legal, Economic and Political Issues
Relating to the Use of ICT
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Preventing Unauthorised Access

• Physical methods
• Locking doors to certain areas
• Locks on computers so that a key is required to
  activate the computer.

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Encryption

• Data mixed up or converted according to certain
  rules.
• The encrypted data no longer makes sense to the
  reader.
• Particularly good if it is feared that the data
  may be intercepted by someone.

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Firewalls

• Used to prevent unauthorised access to the
  computer from the Internet.
• Firewalls can be software or hardware.
• Hardware firewalls are very secure and are often
  found in equipment used to connect to the
  Internet, such as USB connected Routers (ADSL).
• An Internet firewall examines all traffic routed
  between the Internet and your computer.

Firewall
Internet
Computer
Undesirable sources denied access
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Electronic Fraud

• Criminals obtaining money or goods that they are
  not entitled to.
• Stolen credit card numbers etc.have become part
  of a multi million pound fraud problem.
• Internet trading is particularly vulnerable.
• It is important to make sure that the site is
  secure when purchasing goods on the Internet.
• ( a message or a padlock symbol should appear)

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Computer Misuse Act 1990

• Passed in order to make it official that breaking
  into someones computer to steal information is a
  crime.
• The Act covers
• Hacking
• Using a computer to commit fraud
• Software piracy
• Deliberately spreading viruses
• Using someones computer for work they havent
  authorised.

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Changes in Commerce Industry due to increasing
use of ICT.

• Automated decision making
• Computerised production lines
• Automated document production
• Automated monitoring systems
• Automated teller machines (ATMs)
• Online banking
• Online shopping etc

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With new products services plus automated
clerical and manufacturing processes

• Organisations have changed.
• Fewer staff making decisions can result in fewer
  managers.
• Staff require technological expertise, not simple
  clerical skills.
• Some businesses are able to expand much faster.

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The changing face of business

• Selling direct to customers over the Internet,
  even supermarkets combined with home delivery.
• Many small businesses can suddenly tap into a
  global market.
• Banks are very keen to convert customers to
  online banking.
• CAD helps designers see the finished product in
  detail.

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• CAM computers involved in the manufacturing
  process. Eg use of assembly Robots.
• Robots
• Sensors to capture data from environment.
• Microprocessor processes data from the sensors.
• Actuators produce movement, eg switching a switch
  on or off.

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Main Changes

• Increased efficiency information on time and up
  to date.
• Increased accuracy reliability of information,
  which improves decision making.
• Smaller staff required.
• ICT systems can work in hazardous situations.
• Need for premises is reduced.
• Lower heating, lighting rental costs.
• Staff required is reduced particularly clerical
• eg bank staff replaced by ATMs.

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Type of work

• Workers left behind using computers are now
  required to have higher level skills and require
  training.
• Increase in computer industry related jobs.
• Software engineers
• Programmers
• Technical people.

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Teleworking/telecommuting

• People work from home using a computer
  telephone line.
• Out sourcing of work to other countries.
• Eg Call Centres.
• Reducing available jobs in western countries
  where salaries are higher.
• Companies using a lower paid workforce in
  another country.

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General

• Constant retraining of staff in the ICT
  environment.
• Possibility of flexible working hours.
• Video conferencing
• Teleworking.
• Number of clerical workers reduced.
• Number of Manual workers reduced.
• Increase in unemployment.

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Questions

• Name 2 jobs lost as a result of ICT in business.
• Name 2 jobs that have been created as a result of
  ICT in business.
• Name 2 jobs that have been changed and where new
  training is required.
• ICT in business has affected the way we work.
  State 3 ways employment has changed.

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ICT in the supermarket

• Explain how ICT is used in the modern
  supermarket. What has changed?