1. 2.

1
????

• ??????
• ?????
• ?????
• ?????

??? ???????
2
??
7.??????? 8.???????

• 1.????
• 2.???????
• 2.????????
• 3.?60?????
• 4.?????????
• 5.???????
• 6.???????

3
???????

• ??????
• 1.??
• 2.??
• 3.?60
• 4.????

• ??????
• 1.???
• 2.??
• 3.??
• 4.??

4
??????
sp2
sp3
5
??

• 1.??sp2??,??????
• 2.??????????,??????????????
• 3.??????

6
??

• 1.?? sp3??????????
• 2.???????
• 3.?????,??????,??????,????????????,????????

7
???????

• ??????,????????????????????

8
?-60

• ????1985?
• ???
• Harry Kroto
• University of Sussex, England
• Richard Smalley and Robert Curl Jr
• Rice University, Texas
• 1996 ???????

H.Kroto R. Smalley
R. Curl
9
?-60???

• 1.??sp2??
• 2.??12????,20????
• 3.??30?p?
• 90?s?

10
????(CNT)

• ????
• 1991??NEC??????? ????????(MWNTs)
• 1993?NEC?IBM????????(SWNTs)

11
????

• 1.??0.450nm
• 2.??1µm??
• 3.??1.31.4/cm3 (???????)
• 4.???23.2W(cmK)-1(????)
• 5.????????
• 10-310-4O-cm(??????)
• 5.110-6 O-cm(?????)

12
?????????

• ??????????????l6 nm,?????????????????(Hong Kong
  University of Science and Technology)????Nature???
  ???????,??????????????????0.4nm?

13
???0.4nm????????????,?????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????,?????????6nm??????????
????????? ??????????,?????????????????????????????
?????,????????????????????,?????????????????????(?
???????)1? 1????????????0.34nm??????0.4nm????
?(??????????)?
14
????-??????????
Yacobson and Smalley
Richard Smalley Image Gallery
NUS Surface Science Laboratory
15
STM Image
Cees Dekker, Delft Univ of Tech
16
???????
17
?????
CNT??????????????
18
??????

• ???????,?????????

19
?????????
Armchair (???) Zig-Zag (???) Chiral (??)
20
???????????
21
??????????
0o lt q lt 30o
Cees Dekker, Delft Univ of Tech
22
Chiral CNT
Large variation in chiral angle 0o lt f lt 30o
Cees Dekker, Delft Univ of Tech
23
???????

• ??????(Arc discharge )
• ?????????(Catalytic decomposition of carbon
  monoxide or hydrocarbons)
• ??????(Laser Ablation )
• ??????(Chemical vapor deposition)

24
?????

• ???????????(30V?100A)?????(He ?
  Ar,500Torr)?????????

25
?????

• ????????????1200???????????

26
???????
Catalyst
Co/La2O3
CO/ CH4
CNT
600-750 oC
H, CH4 or CO
Quartz Tube
2CO
C CO2
CH4
C 2H2
Temperature Programmable Furnace
27
???????

• ????
• ?????
• ??????
• ????

28
?????????

• ??????????????????(???)??,???????????????????,????
  ???????????????????????????-????????????????,?????
  ?????????????,???????-??????
• ?????100?,????????1/6?
• ???????(?????????30)?
• ???????????????????????,????????????????,?????????
  ????????????????????????,??????????????????????
• ?????????????????????,???????????????(????????????
  ?)?

29
??????????????
?????????????,???????????????????????????????????,
????????????????????????
30
????????????????

• ??????????????(??????????),???????????????????????
  ???????,????????????????,?????????????????????????
  ????????,??????????????????????

31
?????????

• ??????????????????????,???????????????(???????????
  ??)?

32
?????????

• ??????????????????
• ??????????????
• 1/3 ???? CNT ??????
• 2/3 ???? CNT ?????????
• ?????????????????? (BandGap)??,???????????,???????
  
• ????????????????????,?????????????????????????????
  ??,??????????????

33

• ??????????????????? (BandGap)??,???????????,??
  ?????,????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????,????????????
  ????????????????????

34
?????????

• ???????(MWNT)?????????,????????,?????????????????
  

35
?????????

• 1996???????Richard Smalley?1995?????,???????(op
  en nanotube) ??-100 ? -110 V???,??0.5 ? 1.5
  mA??????,??CCD????????????????????????de
  Heer,André Chatelain ??Daniel Urgate??1995????????
  ????????????

36
????????
37
????????

• Michigan State???David Tomanek????????????????????
  3000 watts/m/K,????????????,????????????????????66
  00 watts/m/K,????????????????????,????????????????
  ????

38
????????

• ??????????????????????????????????,???????????????
  ?,?????????????????????????1??,???????????????????
  ??????????????????,???????????????????

39
CNT ??Ballistic Conductance
?????????????????(ballistic wires),???????(ballist
ic conductance),???????????????????????,?????,????
?????????,???????,????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????
Cees Dekker, Delft Univ of Tech
40
?????????

• Paris-South??CNRS????Mathieu Kociak,????????(nanot
  ube rope)???????????,?????????????????????????,???
  ????????????????????????????????????????????????,?
  ????????300-400mK?

41
???????????
Source Rice University Center for Nanoscale
Science and Technology
42
??????

• ?????John Hafner ?????0.9-2.8nm??????????????????,
  ??????????,????????,??????????????????,Hafner?????
  ????????????

43
????

• ??NEC????Masako Yudasaka??60?????????,?????????,?6
  0?????????,????????????,???0.1giga Pascal
  ???,???????60???(buckyball)????????????Yudasaka
  ?????2nm???50nm?????20????????,????????????,??????
  ?

44
???

• Atomic force microscope image of 10-nm-wide
  silicon dioxide lines and words "written" on a
  silicon substrate with a carbon nanotube tip.
• writing with a nanopencil ref Dai, Franklin,
  Han Sep 14,(98) APL

45
???????

• NEMS
• ????
• ????
• ????

• ????
• ????

46
????

• ???????

• Philip Kim and Charles Lieber
• Able to grab object (e.g. plastic beads, GaAs
  wire) as small as 20 nm.
• Electrically conducting and mechanically robust
  carbon nanotubes were attached to independent
  electrodes fabricated on pulled glass
  micropipettes. Voltages applied to the electrodes
  closed and opened the free ends of the nanotubes,

2 mm
47
????(Worlds Smallest Test-Tube)

• Dr. Walter A. de Heer, a professor in the School
  of Physics at the Georgia Institute of
  Technology.
• Nanotube filled with silver bead particles.
• Each silver bead is less than 20 nm long.
• We have demonstrated that you can put materials
  into nanotubes and manipulate them to induce a
  chemical reaction," said
• "This work opens up new ways of thinking
  about structures that can act like extremely
  small test tubes."

Walter A. de Heer
48
????(Nano Straws)

• Open-ended nanostraws could penetrate into a
  cellular structure for chemical probing or could
  be used as ultrasmall pipettes to inject
  molecules into living cells with almost no damage
  to the latter.

49
????(Nano Balance)

• A "nanobalance" small enough to weigh viruses and
  other sub-micron scale particles is one
  application for newly-discovered electronic and
  micromechanical properties of carbon nanotubes.
• A report in the March 5 issue of the journal
  Science describes how electrical voltage can be
  used to induce electrostatic deflection and
  vibrational resonance in individual carbon
  nanotubes. This ability to selectively deflect or
  induce resonance in individual nanotubes opens
  new potential micromechanical applications for
  the tiny structures, which are smaller than the
  finest features on modern microcircuits. .

• TEM image shows nanobalance a resonating
  carbon nanotube used to determine the mass of the
  attached carbon. mage to the latter.

• Images show bundle of CNTs (left) and same bundle
  to which an oscillating current has been applied
  (right), causing resonance in one tube.

Dr. Philippe Poncharal of Georgia Tech.
50
????????

• ??????????(Field Emitter)????????,????????????????
  ??????,?????????????????????????????????2050nm,?
  ??????????????
• ??????????????????????100V??,?????????????????????
  ?????,????????????????????????????????????????

51
????-???????

• ?????????????????????????,??????????????12nm,????
  ?????????????????1/101/20???
• ?????????????????????????/???????,?????????????10V
  ??,?????????????????????
• 1999???????????????????????,?????????(????????)???
  ??????????,?????????????? (?????)????????(?????-45
  85?),???????????????????????????????

52
(???)Field Emission

• Due to high aspect ratio and small tip radius of
  curvature, the well-aligned CNT can emit a high
  intensity electron beam in an extremely narrow
  energy range at low voltage.
• CNT can therefore be used as an easy and
  inexpensive field-emission gun in electron
  microscope and flat panel display applications.

53
????????
54

• ????????????????????????????????
• ????????(????????????????????????-????)???????????
  ???????
• ????????2000?3????????????????????????????????????
  ??1,???????????90kW/?????l50km/???300km???
• ???????????????????????90kg/???40km/????50km?

55
???????????

• ?????????????????3.1kg????????500km????,??????????
  ????????????,????????????????????????6.5wt
  (????????????????????)?62kgH2/m3(????????????)?

56
?????????

• ??NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
  (?????????)?IBM???1997????????????????(???????),??
  ??????????????????????,???????????????????510wt?
  ???,?????1.632.0nm??????????????6.5wt????????

57
????????????

• ????????1999??????????????????????????,???????????
  ??????????????????????????20 wt?14
  wt,,???????6.5wt????????
• ???????????????????????????????,??????????????????
  ??????????/??????????

58
??????

• ???????????????????????,?????????????????????????,
  ????????????????????????????????????????????????

59
????

• ??????????????????????????,???????????????????????
  ???????(??????????????????????????????????3??????)
  ?

60
????(Artificial Muscles)
New developed sheets of single-walled nanotubes
were shown by scientists from the Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research in
Stuttgart/Germany, from the USA, Australia and
Italy, to generate higher stresses than natural
muscle and higher strains than high-modulus
ferroelectrics (Science 21 May 1999).
Movie
http//www.mpi-stuttgart.mpg.de/klitzing/research/
nano/nanotube/muscle/nt_muscle.html
61
????????(Freestanding CNT)
Single freestanding multi-wall carbon nanotubes
on a nickel substrate. Physicists (Ren et al. )
at Boston College have grown these structures for
the first time on a grid pattern, which might
permit the tubes to be used in field emission
flat panel displays. It is not known why the
tubes taper at the top, making them look like
nanoscopic versions of the Washington Monument
62
??????????(Electronic Devices from CNT )

• Arranging CNT into electronic circuitry could
  allow miniaturization to advance by a factor of
  100.
• Nanotube Transistor (ref McEuen, Dekker)
• Molecular Diode (Zettl 96), Molecular wire
  (Dekker 97)

63
Nanotube Quantum Wire

• Arranging CNT into electronic circuitry.

64
Electronic Devices from CNT
In computer engineering, speed and power are all
about making things smaller. Moores Law the
scale of microelectronic has more or less halved
every 18 months. Arranging CNT into electronic
circuitry could allow miniaturization to advance
by a factor of 100.
65
Electronic Devices from CNT
CNTs today are where Si and Si chips were in
1947. In 1996, first molecular diode was first
fabricated by A. Zettl on a single piece of CNT,
with metal-like CNT at one side and semiconductor
at the other side of a defect. The ability of CNT
to act as wires was first shown experimentally in
1997 by Cees Dekker, Delft Univ. of Techn.
Netherland. In 1998 Dekker showed a transistor
that used a nanotube as one of the components.
66
CNT Transistor
Cees Dekker, Delft Univ of Tech
An electronic device based on a single rolled-up
sheet of carbon atoms. IN the figure, a CNT (red
about 1 nm in diameter) bridges two closely
spaced (400nm apart) platinum electrodes (labeled
source and drain) atop a silicon surface coated
with an insulating silicon oxide layer. Applying
an electric field to the silicon (via a gate
electrode, not shown) turns on and off the flow
of current across the nanotube, by controlling
the movement of charge carriers onto the
nanotube.
67
???????

• IBM?Phaedon Avouris?PhilipCollins
  ?????????,???????????????????????,????????????????
  ????,?????????????????

68
????/????

• ?????????????????????????????????,???????????????
  ?????????

69
?????

• ?????????????????????????(?????????????????)?????
  ????????????,??????????????????

70
Electronic Devices from CNT
Cees Dekker, Delft Univ of Tech
71
Electronic Devices from CNT
Cees Dekker, Delft Univ of Tech
72
Electronic Devices from CNT
Cees Dekker, Delft Univ of Tech
73
Kinky CNT Electronics
Kinks in carbon nanotubes create different
conduction environments for electrons moving
along the tube. The nanotube wire on one side of
the kink (the bend is possible because of some
pentagon or heptagon structures among an
otherwise hexagonal arrangement of carbon atoms)
might, for example, be a conductor while on the
other side the wire might be a semiconductor.
This intramolecular versatility will help the
designers of nanocircuits. The atomic force
microscope image, showing a kinked nanotube
draped across three electrodes, was recorede by
Cees Dekker and his colleagues at Delft
University in The Nether Lands.
74
??????

• ??????????????????,???5??????????????????,????????
  ????????????????????

75
??????

• ???????20??80??????????????????????,??????????????
  ???,???????????????? (????) ?,????????????????????
  (???????????????????????????????),????????????????
  ???????????(???????????)?????????????????????????
  ????

76
???????

• ????????????????? (????????????)????,?????????????
  ???????(???)????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????,???????????????????,?
  ?????????????