Personal Protective Equipment, PPE (Receiver controls)

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Personal Protective Equipment, PPE(Receiver
controls)

• PUBH 3310
• October 18, 2010

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Supplemental Resources

• The Basics of Occupational Safety (course text)
• Pages 366-371 of Chapter 16 cover personal
  protective equipment and respiratory protection
• Selected Internet websites, as noted in this
  presentation

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J. N. Devin, 1972
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Objectives

• Understand PPE principles
• Hierarchy of controls
• PPE role
• OSHA PPE requirements for employers
• Know basic PPE types
• Chemical Protective Clothing
• Eye, head, hand and foot protection
• Be familiar with respiratory protection
• Know about atmosphere supplying and air
  purifying respirators
• How to use respirator APF and MUC
• Elements of a respiratory protection program

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Outline

• Hierarchy of controls
• PPE role
• PPE types
• Respiratory protection

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Introduction

• Hierarchy of controls
• The Hierarchy of Controls determines the
  preferred method of controlling hazards
• Engineering controls
• Chemical source and pathway controls,
  safeguarding equipment, noise control, etc.
• Administrative controls
• Safe work practices and procedures
• Personal protective equipment (PPE)
• The least desirable control method

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Introduction

• Administrative controls
• While not emphasized in this course,
  administrative controls can be used to reduce
  employee exposure
• Administrative controls generally are less
  desirable than engineering (source) controls
• Examples
• Work practice procedures
• Usually a pathway control
• Limiting time of exposure (worker rotation)
• A receiver control
• Effective for thermal stress, ergonomic stress,
  etc.
• Not acceptable for carcinogens or fast-acting
  agents (Ceiling or STEL)

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Introduction

• Definition
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) refers to
  protective clothing and devices worn by workers
  to prevent injury
• Eye, face and head protection
• Gloves
• Chemical Protective Clothing
• Respiratory Protection
• Etc.

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Introduction

• PPE Role
• PPE is widely accepted and used (misused)
• Employers often require PPE to enter a worksite,
  regardless of actual hazards
• Employees demand safety gear, regardless
• PPE should not be used unless other controls have
  been exhausted, in accord with the Hierarchy of
  Controls
• Occupational hazards must be controlled by
  engineering and administration before PPE
• PPE is a receiver control, less desirable than
  source or pathway controls

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Introduction

• PPE Role (cont.)
• Use of PPE places a burden on employees
• May increase physiological stress on users
• Pulmonary, cardiac, and thermal stress, etc.
• May lead to accidents due to decreased
  visibility, impaired communication, etc.
• PPE use places an administrative burden on
  employers
• PPE is expensive

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Introduction

• PPE Role (cont.)
• However, use of PPE is acceptable
• In emergency situations
• As temporary controls while engineering controls
  are being implemented
• When engineering controls are unable to
  completely control the hazard
• PPE supplements the engineering controls
• When PPE is the only feasible means of control
• This often is the case for construction and
  maintenance activity.

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Introduction

• PPE Role (cont.)
• OSHA PPE requirements for employers
• PPE must be provided, used, and maintained
  wherever necessary to protect workers from injury
  or impairment
• Employers are responsible for all PPE on the job
• Workplace hazards must be evaluated so proper PPE
  can be specified
• Employees must be trained
• Employers must certify in writing their
  compliance to assessment and training
  requirements
• (Additional requirements for respirator use)

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PPE types

• Eye and face protection
• Head Protection
• Foot Protection
• Hand Protection
• Protective Clothing
• Includes Chemical Protective Clothing
• Respiratory Protection
• Other (not for this lecture)
• Electrical Protective Devices
• Hearing Protection

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Eye and Face Protection

• Eye and face protective devices shield users from
  hazards of
• Chemical exposure
• Physical agents
• Traumatic injury
• Devices must meet American National Standards
  Institute (ANSI) standard Z87.1, American
  National Standard Practice for Occupational and
  Educational Eye and Face Protection

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Eye and Face Protection

• Types of protectors
• Primary protective devices
• Spectacles
• Goggles
• Secondary protective devices must only be used
  with primary protective devices
• Face shields
• Welding helmets

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Head Protection

• Protective helmets (hard hats) are designed to
  prevent injury from falling objects and
  electrical hazards
• A shell supported above the head by a suspension
  cradle (crown straps) and/or padding
• Hard hats are not crash helmets

• Protective helmets must comply with ANSI Z89.1,
  American National Standard for Personnel
  Protection-Protective Headwear for Industrial
  Workers-Requirements

Hard Hat
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Foot Protection

• Protective footwear is designed to shield
  employees from
• Falling or rolling objects
• Objects piercing the sole
• Electrical hazards
• Insulating, to control shock hazards
• Conductive, to control static electricity hazards
• Protective footwear must comply with ANSI Z41,
  American National Standard for Personal
  Protection-Protective Footwear

Metatarsal protective footwear
Hiker-style safety boot
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Hand Protection

• Hand protection shields users from
• Chemicals
• Gloves must be carefully selected for chemical
  compatibility
• Chemical can permeate, penetrate, or degrade
  glove material
• Cuts, abrasions and other physical injury
• Temperature extremes

• There is no applicable ANSI standard for gloves

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Protective Clothing

• Protective clothing may be worn to shield workers
  from hazards of heat, chemicals, etc.
• A wide variety of clothing types are available
• There is no applicable ANSI standard for
  protective clothing

Welders apron
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Safety Eyewashes and Showers

• Although not PPE, safety eyewashes and showers
  often are required where chemical PPE or eye and
  face protection is used
• Equipment must comply with ANSI Z353.1, Emergency
  Eyewash and Shower Equipment
• 10-second travel time
• Specified water flow rates
• Weekly testing
• Etc.

Emergency shower
Emergency eyewash
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Respiratory Protection

• In accord with the Hierarchy of Controls,
  respirators are the least desirable method of
  controlling employee exposure to airborne
  hazards. For respirators, this concept is
  reinforced by OSHA standards
• Respirator use involves risk to the user
• Physiological burden
• Strain to pulmonary and cardiac systems
• Respirators provide limited protection
• Respirator use places an administrative burden on
  employers
• Written programs and qualified program
  administrators are required

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Respirator?

• Which of the following is a respirator?

A.
B.
C. Both A and B D. Neither A or B
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Respirator?

• Which of the following is a respirator?

A.
B.
A is a surgical mask - designed to protect the
patient B is a Surgical N95 Respirator , a
NIOSH certified N-95 filtering-facepiece
respirator (to protect the wearer) and FDA
approved surgical mask (to protect the patient)
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NIOSH

• NIOSH certifies occupational respirators
• OSHA only accepts NIOSH certified respirators
• Any modification voids the certification
• NIOSH certification for filtering facepiece
  respirators (disposable dust masks) identifies
  the filtering efficiency and resistance to oil
• N-95 (the most common type)
• Not oil resistant
• 95 efficient filtration for the most penetrating
  particle size

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Respirator Classification

• Respirators may be described by three criteria
• Respiratory inlet covering
• The barrier between the user and the contaminated
  atmosphere
• Pressure relative to atmosphere
• Positive or negative pressure
• Mode of operation
• Atmosphere supplying or air purifying

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1. Respiratory Inlet Covering

• Mouthpiece
• For escape from a contaminated atmosphere
• Nose-clip equipped
• Quarter-facepiece
• Covers mouth and nose only

Mouthpiece respirator
Quarter-face respirators
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1. Respiratory Inlet Covering

• (Continued)
• Half-facepiece (half mask)
• Includes disposable filtering facepiece
  respirators (dust masks)
• Full-facepiece
• Provides eye protection
• Hood/Helmet
• Required for abrasive blasting

Half-face respirators
Full-face respirator
Helmet respirator with shroud
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2. Respirator Operating Pressure

• Negative pressure (includes demand respirators)
• Inside pressure drops below atmosphere when user
  inhales
• Limited protection, since some contaminated air
  leaks in
• Positive pressure
• Inside pressure is above atmosphere
• More protective and less physiological strain
• Pressure demand
• Inside pressure is elevated at all times
• Most protective, suitable for Immediately
  Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)

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3. Respirator Mode of Operation

• Air-Purifying Respirators (APRs)
• Contaminants are removed from the air
• Particulate are removed by filters
• Cartridges remove Gases and vapors
• APRs have limited protection
• Not for oxygen deficiency or IDLH conditions
• Atmosphere-supplying respirators
• Not limited by type of atmospheric hazard
• May be suitable for O2 deficiency or IDLH
• Precautions must be taken to assure Grade D air
  quality

Air-Purifying Respirator
Atmosphere-supplying respirator
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Respirator Examples

• Negative-Pressure, Half-facepiece, Air Purifying
  Respirator (APR)
• Air is drawn through air purifying cartridges as
  the user inhales
• Positive pressure, Full-facepiece, Air Purifying
  Respirator
• Powered Air Purifying Respirator (PAPR)
• A blower supplies positive pressure filtered air
  to the user
• These respirators provide greater protection with
  less physiological burden

Half-face APR
PAPR
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Respirator Examples

• Positive-Pressure, Full-Facepiece, Atmosphere
  Supplying
• Supplied-Air Respirator (SAR)
• An airline connects the user to a compressed air
  supply
• Motor-driven compressor or compressed air
  cylinders
• Pressure-Demand, Full-Facepiece, Atmosphere
  Supplying
• Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
• Portable compressed air cylinder
• The most protective respirator

SAR
SCBA
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Respirator Examples

• Negative Pressure, Half-facepiece, Air-Purifying,
  Respirator

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Respirator Examples

• Positive-Pressure, Atmosphere Supplying,
  Mouthpiece, Self Contained Breathing Apparatus
  (SCBA)

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Assigned Protection Factor

• Assigned Protection Factor (APF)
• Some respirator types are more protective than
  others
• APF is based on respirator performance
• APF is related to the amount of contaminant
  expected to enter a particular type of respirator
• APFs are established by regulatory or
  standard-setting agencies
• NIOSH, ANSI, OSHA

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Assigned Protection Factor

• Using Assigned Protection Factors
• Higher APF means better protection
• Higher APF is required when contaminant levels in
  the workplace are higher
• The minimum required APF for a given level of
  workplace contamination can be calculated

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Assigned Protection Factor

• Example Using Assigned Protection Factors
• What is the minimum acceptable respirator APF for
  workers exposed to 1 mg/m3 lead?
• The Permissible Exposure Level (PEL) for lead is
  0.05 mg/m3
• Answer 20 is the minimum APF in this case

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Assigned Protection Factor (APF)OSHA 2006
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Maximum Use Concentration

• Maximum Use Concentration (MUC) is related to the
  Assigned Protection Factor (APF)
• Example
• PEL for lead 0.05 mg/m3
• APF for half mask APR 10
• MUC 0.05 mg/m3 x 10 0.5 mg/m3
• Therefore, a half-mask APR may not be used where
  lead concentrations exceed 0.5 mg/m3
• Many OSHA standards specify maximum use levels
  for various respirator types

MUC PEL x APF
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Respirator Fit

• Respirator users perform seal checks to
  demonstrate adequate fit
• Each time the respirator is worn
• Positive-pressure and negative-pressure seal
  checks

Positive-pressure seal check
Negative-pressure seal check
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Respirator Fit

• Fit Testing
• Formal testing procedure to select respirator
  sizes and models
• Involves several exercises
• Initial fit testing before the respirator is
  issued
• Repeated at least annually
• Subject is exposed to a challenge atmosphere
• Qualitative tests (taste, odor, irritation)
• Quantitative tests (instrumentation)

Irritant smoke fit testing
Quantitative fit testing equipment
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Respirator Programs

• A written respirator program is required by OSHA
  wherever respirators are required
• A qualified administrator must oversee the
  program
• The program must provide worksite-specific
  procedures and elements
• OSHA provides guidance and examples to assist
  employers in administering respiratory protection
  programs
• Small Entity Compliance Guide,
• http//www.osha.gov/Publications/secgrev-current.p
  df
• (http//www.osha.gov/pls/publications/pubindex.lis
  t)

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Respirator Programs

• Required Program Elements

• Procedures for selecting respirators
• Medical evaluations
• Questionnaire
• Medical exam
• Fit testing
• Use of respirators
• No facial hair
• IDLH
• Maintenance and care
• Disinfecting, storage, etc.

• Breathing air
• Grade D minimum
• Filter, cartridge, and canister labels
• Training and information
• Employees must demonstrate knowledge
• Program evaluation
• Recordkeeping

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PPE Conclusions

• PPE use is the least desirable way to control
  hazards
• However, PPE is required whenever necessary to
  protect workers
• Use of PPE places an administrative burden on
  employers and a physiological burden on employees
• Atmosphere-supplying respirators generally are
  more protective than air purifying respirators.
• Assigned Protection Factor (APF) is a measure of
  respirator performance
• Exposures must not exceed the Maximum Use
  Concentration (MUC)
• A written respirator program and a program
  administrator are required by OSHA

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Resources

• OSHA
• Personal Protective Equipment,
• http//www.osha.gov/SLTC/personalprotectiveequipme
  nt/index.html
• Respiratory Protection
• http//www.osha.gov/SLTC/respiratoryprotection/ind
  ex.html
• Video Respirator Safety
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vTzpz5fko-fg
• Publications
• http//www.osha.gov/pls/publications/publication.h
  tml
• NIOSH
• Personal Protective Equipment
• http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/