From Disorder to Beauty and Hope:

1
Chapter 6

• From Disorder to Beauty and Hope
• The Road to the Renaissance
• 1300 1500 A.D.

2
Decline of Unity

• Church-State Conflicts
• Pope Boniface VIII vs. King Philip IV (France)
• Strong papacy strong monarchy
• Represented growth of the two institutions over
  the previous several generations
• 1302 A.D. Pope Boniface VIII issued Unam Sanctam
• Latin title meaning - one holy
• Stating that all rulers are subject to the pope
  and that it was necessary for salvation for all
  people to be subject to the pope
• Powerful statement of papal authority
• Philip responds by calling a council in 1303
  (Louvre)
• Accused Boniface of simony, demon possession,
  illegal election
• Sent troops to attack Boniface (Outrage of
  Anagni)
• Physically abuse leading to Bonifaces death one
  month later

3
Aftermath of Dispute

• Clement V elected pope
• Bishop of Bordeaux (France) sympathetic
  intimidated by Philip IV
• Persuaded to reside in Avignon instead of Rome
• Heavy French influence on the Church
• 23 out of 24 cardinals elevated were French
• Successors stabilizing Avignon Papacy
• Various actions securing papal stronghold
• Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy
• Period during which the pope resided in Avignon
• Lasted from 1309 to 1377 A.D.
• Reference to the Jewish captivity in Babylon

4
Avignon
5
Return to Rome

• Efforts to return
• Innocent VI (1352) laid the groundwork for a
  return to Rome
• Catherine of Siena eventually convinced Gregory
  XI to return to Rome in 1377
• Impact of Avignon Captivity
• Increased church taxes and benefices (favors)
• Increased use of indulgences
• Leading to corruption (cause of Protestant
  Reformation)
• Increased influence of cardinals over the pope
• Would eventually impact papal elections

6
Popes and Anti-popes

• Nine of the sixteen cardinals that elected
  Gregory XI were French, causing anger among the
  Roman population
• Compromise election of Urban VI from Bari,
  Italy
• Problem did not agree with the cardinals that
  elected him
• Reduced the power of the office of cardinal
• Rogue election of Clement VII by French cardinals
• Mutual excommunication of Urban and Roger
• Urban (Rome) / Clement (Avignon)
• Entangling alliances to secular leaders
• Secular leaders took sides ? the Western Schism

7
Great Western Schism

• Chaotic period in Church history lasting from
  1378 to 1417 A.D. during which two and then three
  rivals claimed papal authority
• Popes in 1414 A.D.
• Gregory XII in Rome
• Benedict XIII in Avignon
• John XXIII in Pisa

8
End of the Schism

• John XXIII forced to call a council in Constance,
  Italy
• Resignation of Gregory XII
• Exile of Benedict XIII
• Arrest of John XXIII
• Martin V elected as the true successor of St.
  Peter held office from 1417 to 1431 A.D.

9
Conciliarism

• Conciliarism
• Belief that Church councils have greater
  authority that the pope
• Council of Constance 1417 A.D.
• Hanc Sancta text
• Frequens text
• Question Who should have more authority, the
  pope as Vicar of Christ or councils?

10
Black Death

• Bubonic Plague a.k.a. Black Death
• Major epidemic that swept through Europe during
  the 14th century that killed an estimated 25
  million people
• Given the name Black Death because of the
  physical appearance of victims
• Introduction and Spread
• Carried by rats aboard ships first in Genoa,
  Italy
• Quickly spread throughout the continent by
  travel, trade, and flies
• Major impact on all aspects of European life

11
Spread of the Black Death
12
Impact on Religious Life

• The Plague did not spare religious men and women
• Reduction in the number and quality of local
  priests and monastic communities
• Priests received little or no training before
  exercising their ministry
• Less priests ? less access to the sacraments
• Large numbers of people left without consolation
• Lack of evangelization or teaching of the
  faithful
• Monasticism in England forever weakened
• Less monks led to monasteries falling into
  disrepair

13
Responses

• Search for scapegoats and miracle cures
• Various explanations were offered
• End of the world to enemies poisoning water
• Anti-Semitic theories
• People tried superstitious practices
• Witchcraft
• Religious rites and images as protection
• Related to the belief that the Plague was a
  punishment
• Focus on death and the afterlife
• Images of purgatory and Hell
• Desire of people to have Mass said for their
  souls
• Part of what would lead to the Protestant
  Reformation

14
Ever-Changing Geography

• Two major events would shape the future of
  Christianity during the 15th century
• Fall of Constantinople in the East
• End of the former Roman Empire
• Spread of Christianity in the West
• Beginnings of Christianity in the New World

15
Relations with the East

• 1439 Union of Florence
• A short-lived agreement between leaders of
  Eastern and Western Christianity on certain
  doctrines of faith
• Eastern delegates sent to seek help from the West
  because Muslim forces threatened Constantinople
• Agreed to accept papal supremacy
• Eastern delegates met opposition at home
• Mob attacked Hagia Sophia, forced delegates to
  negate the agreement
• 1453 Final Siege of Constantinople
• Moscow ? Third Rome

16
Western Opportunity and Chaos

• 15th century Spain was a major factor regarding
  modern Christianity
• 1469 Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella
• Two Christian rulers with the goal of riding
  Spain of all non-Christians
• Being a Christian and a loyal citizen one in the
  same
• Ferdinand and Isabella
• Two of the most influential Christian monarchs

17
Spanish Inquisition

• 1478 Sixtus IV (1296) begins the Spanish
  Inquisition
• The process in Spain for identifying and
  punishing non-Christians and those said to be
  heretics
• 1483 Tomas de Torquemada named Grand Inquisitor
  to correct abuses
• Responsible for torturing and burning over 2000
  Jews to force conversion
• Became one of the darkest periods in Church
  history
• Another cause of the Protestant Reformation

18
A Whole New WorldAt home and abroad

• 1492 Key Year
• Ferdinand and Isabella gained complete control of
  Spain from the Muslims
• Also expelled all Jews from Spain
• Conversos
• Jews and Muslims who converted to Christianity,
  either willingly or unwillingly following the
  Christian takeover of Spain
• Columbus sailed the Ocean Blue
• Christianity would soon emerge on a new stage

19
Renaissance

• Period from 1304 to 1576 A.D. time of renewal in
  Western Europe
• Renaissance term for rebirth or revival
• The humanistic revival of classical art,
  architecture, literature, and learning
• Focus on the human form in intellectual and
  artistic activity to demonstrate the importance
  of the human person in the world (creation)
• Return to classical Greek art styles
• Blend Christianity with the teachings of the
  Greek philosophy and culture
• Fostered an overall sense of human creativity and
  ingenuity

20
Renaissance Artists

• Two main figures of the Renaissance
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
• Artist, scientist, inventor, scholar
• Remembered as a true Renaissance Man
• Michelangelo (1475-1564)
• Poet, sculptor, painter
• La Pieta statue of Mary hold the crucified Jesus
• Sistine Chapel private papal chapel
• Tomb of Julius II elaborate sculpture

21
Michelangelos Work
La Pieta
Tomb of Julius II
Sistine Chapel
22
Renaissant Dissent

• The Renaissance encouraged people to analyze and
  evaluate their lives
• Led to the questioning of beliefs and structures
• Precursors to the Protestant Reformation
• John Wyclif (1324-1384)
• Argued that Scripture was more important than
  Tradition for Christian teaching
• Argued that Christ, alone, was head of the Church
• John Hus (1369-1415)
• Called for a return to Gospel poverty and
  simplicity
• Condemned at the Council of Constance executed
• Girolamo Savonarola (1452-1498)
• Fiery preacher who sought reform in Florence,
  Italy
• Criticized the pope for immorality
• Attacked, tortured, and burned as a heretic by an
  angry mob